Traductions anciennes 1 étude
Manuscrits et Codex 2 études
Traduction du Nouveau Testament 1 étude
Traductions modernes 2 études
Chronologie biblique 4 études
Histoire du christianisme 3 études
Traduction et diffusion des Écritures 1 étude
La Torah 1 étude
Traductions anciennes
Dès les premiers siècles, la Bible a été traduite dans de nombreuses langues pour atteindre des communautés qui ne lisaient pas l'hébreu ou le grec. Ce thème rassemble les articles consacrés aux grandes versions anciennes : la Septante grecque, la Vulgate latine, les Peshitta syriaques, les versions coptes et autres traductions qui ont façonné la compréhension des Écritures pendant des siècles.
Ces traductions ne sont pas de simples exercices linguistiques : elles reflètent des choix théologiques, des contextes culturels et des débats doctrinaux de leur époque. Certaines ont exercé une influence déterminante sur la formation du canon et sur l'interprétation de passages clés. Elles constituent également une source précieuse pour les spécialistes cherchant à reconstituer des manuscrits disparus.
Lire sur les traductions anciennes, c'est comprendre comment la Bible a traversé les cultures et les siècles, et saisir les enjeux qui entourent encore aujourd'hui toute entreprise de traduction.
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BIB004
The Translation of the Septuagint
The article deals with the translation of the Septuagint, a Greek version of the Hebrew Bible made in the 3rd century BC for Greek-speaking Jews. Produced in Alexandria, the Septuagint greatly influenced the first Christians. It includes various biblical books and was initiated by King Ptolemy II.
Manuscrits et Codex
Avant l'imprimerie, la Bible a été transmise à travers des milliers de manuscrits copiés à la main, sur papyrus puis sur parchemin, sous forme de rouleaux puis de codex. Ce thème plonge le lecteur dans la fascinante histoire matérielle du texte biblique : comment ces documents ont été produits, conservés, redécouverts et analysés par les spécialistes.
Les articles associés explorent les grandes familles de manuscrits, les différences textuelles entre eux, et les méthodes de la critique textuelle qui permettent de remonter au texte original. On y aborde également des découvertes archéologiques majeures qui ont renouvelé la compréhension de certains passages.
Ce parcours intéressera particulièrement ceux qui se demandent sur quelle base repose la fiabilité des traductions modernes, et comment les chercheurs évaluent la transmission des Écritures à travers les siècles. Un regard concret sur le chemin parcouru par la Parole de Dieu jusqu'à nous.
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BIB005
The Search for Manuscripts
The article explores biblical codices, key manuscripts in the preservation of the biblical texts. It reviews important examples of codices, their impact on the transmission of the Scriptures, and the absence of historical information about the earliest manuscripts.
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BIB006
The Dead Sea Scrolls
The article details the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls near Qumran. Found by a Bedouin in the 1940s, these scrolls revolutionized the understanding of biblical texts. Their release was delayed for political and technical reasons, but these manuscripts shed unique light on ancient texts.
Translation of the New Testament
Le Nouveau Testament nous est parvenu en grec ancien, une langue que très peu de lecteurs modernes maîtrisent. La traduction de ces textes fondateurs vers le français — et vers les autres langues — représente un travail colossal, à la croisée de la linguistique, de la théologie et de l'histoire. C'est grâce à ce travail que des millions de croyants peuvent accéder directement aux paroles de Jésus, aux lettres de Paul et aux récits des Actes des Apôtres.
Derrière chaque version traduite se cachent des choix décisifs : quel manuscrit grec retenir, comment rendre un terme théologique sans le trahir, faut-il privilégier la fidélité littérale ou la clarté du sens ? Des figures comme Louis Segond ou Augustin Crampon ont marqué durablement l'histoire de la Bible en français, et leurs méthodes continuent d'influencer les traductions contemporaines.
Ce thème permet d'explorer concrètement comment les Évangiles, les épîtres et l'Apocalypse ont traversé les siècles jusqu'à nos mains, en passant par des manuscrits anciens, des révisions successives et des débats parfois vifs entre spécialistes. Une plongée indispensable pour quiconque souhaite lire la Bible avec un regard éclairé.
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BIB007
The Writings of the New Testament and Their Translation
The article deals with the origin and translation of the writings of the New Testament. It examines the Greek manuscripts and various critical editions, as well as their importance for the accuracy of modern translations.
Traductions modernes
Depuis le XVIe siècle et l'essor de l'imprimerie, des dizaines de traductions modernes de la Bible ont vu le jour dans presque toutes les langues du monde. Ce thème examine les principes qui guident ces entreprises de traduction : fidélité au texte source, accessibilité pour le lecteur contemporain, choix entre traduction littérale et dynamique.
Les articles regroupés ici comparent différentes versions françaises et internationales, expliquent les bases textuelles utilisées, et discutent des débats que certains choix de traduction suscitent au sein des communautés chrétiennes. On y aborde aussi la question de savoir quelle traduction privilégier selon l'usage : étude approfondie, lecture dévotionnelle ou prédication.
Ce parcours est précieux pour tout lecteur qui souhaite comprendre pourquoi deux Bibles ne disent pas toujours exactement la même chose, et comment choisir une version adaptée à ses besoins. La traduction, loin d'être un détail technique, est au cœur de la transmission vivante du message biblique.
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BIB014
The Bible Confronted with AI
The article discusses how artificial intelligence could transform Bible translation, while highlighting the linguistic and cultural challenges of translating ancient texts. It also looks at the Segond 21 translation, which reconciles faithfulness with modern language.
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LGH004
Augustin CRAMPON
The article explores the life of Augustin Crampon, famous for his translation of the Bible. Ordained a priest in 1851, he studied under Arthur Le Hir and became an expert in biblical languages. His translation, published after his death in 1904, remains a major Catholic reference.
Chronologie biblique
La chronologie biblique cherche à situer les événements des textes saints dans le temps historique : quand est né Jésus ? Quand a-t-il commencé son ministère ? À quelle date a eu lieu la crucifixion ? Ces questions, en apparence techniques, ont des implications théologiques et historiques considérables.
Elle implique aussi de comparer les différents systèmes de mesure du temps utilisés dans l'Antiquité : calendriers juif, romain et julien, décompte des heures, années de règne des souverains. Les divergences apparentes entre les Évangiles — sur l'heure de la crucifixion, sur la date de la dernière Pâque — s'éclairent souvent par ces différences de calendrier.
Cette section rassemble les articles qui abordent ces enjeux : la datation de la nativité, les généalogies de Jésus, les 70 semaines de Daniel, la chronologie johannique et sa relation aux synoptiques. Un domaine exigeant, mais qui nourrit une lecture plus précise et plus informée de l'ensemble des Écritures.
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CHR003
The Jewish Calendar
This article examines the Jewish calendar, which is essential for understanding the chronology of biblical events. It is part of a series exploring the prophecy of Daniel.
Daniel 9.24-27 (King James Version) :Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy.Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times.And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined.And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
CHR004
The exact date of the decree
The study explores the chronology of the life of Jesus through Daniel’s prophecy. It identifies the decree of Artaxerxes as a key starting point and examines the difficulties related to the precision of ancient dates, highlighting the year 458 BC. The article argues that this research is rooted in a divine will, orchestrated by God.
Ezra 7.8 (King James Version) :And he came to Jerusalem in the fifth month, which was in the seventh year of the king.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
CHR007
The date of birth of Jesus the Messiah
The study explores the date of Jesus’ birth, linking prophecies, Gospel testimonies and historical data to propose a birth around October 12, -2 BC, during the Feast of Tabernacles.
John 3.16-17 (King James Version) :For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.For God sent not his Son into the world to condemn the world; but that the world through him might be saved.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
CHR008
The death of King Herod the Great
The study explores the chronology of the death of Herod the Great, which affects the dating of the birth and ministry of Jesus. Based on the work of Schürer, who proposes the year 4 BC, it stresses the importance of reconsidering historical interpretations in light of the texts of Flavius Josephus.
Daniel 9.24-27 (King James Version) :Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy.Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times.And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined.And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
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ANN004
The date of birth of Jesus the Messiah
L'article propose une date de naissance pour Jésus basée sur une analyse des prophéties de Daniel et de l'histoire. La crucifixion aurait eu lieu…
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ANN011
The death of King Herod the Great
L'article analyse la datation de la mort d'Hérode le Grand, traditionnellement située autour de -1 av. J.-C., et sa réévaluation moderne à -4 av.…
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ANN042
Travel times
Cette annexe étudie les moyens et durées de déplacement au premier siècle. À l'époque de Jésus, on voyageait principalement à pied, en caravane ou…
Histoire du christianisme
Ce thème explore les grandes étapes qui ont façonné le christianisme depuis ses origines jusqu'à nos jours. Il aborde la naissance de l'Église primitive, sa structuration progressive, les persécutions qu'elle a subies, ainsi que son expansion missionnaire à travers le monde antique et au-delà.
Les articles regroupés ici couvrent des sujets variés : la vie et le martyre des premiers chrétiens, le rôle des apôtres dans l'organisation des premières communautés, les conciles et définitions dogmatiques qui ont forgé la doctrine, ou encore la Réforme protestante et les figures marquantes comme Martin Luther qui ont profondément reconfiguré le paysage chrétien.
Ce parcours s'intéresse également aux liens entre christianisme et judaïsme, aux traditions culturelles et festives héritées de l'Antiquité, ainsi qu'aux contributions individuelles de figures influentes tout au long des siècles.
Lire ces articles, c'est comprendre comment une foi née en Palestine au premier siècle a traversé les âges, suscité des débats, engendré des schismes et des réformes, tout en laissant une empreinte durable sur la civilisation mondiale.
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LGH000
The Historical Figures Who Shaped the Worldwide Development of Christianity
This article explores the historical figures who contributed to the development of worldwide Christianity, highlighting the translators of biblical texts and those who endured injustice for their faith.
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LGH001
Martin LUTHER
Martin Luther, a central figure of the Protestant Reformation, criticized indulgences and other practices of the Catholic Church. He translated the Bible into German and published his 95 Theses in 1517, setting in motion a movement that transformed Christendom. His works profoundly influence European theology and society.
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LGH003
Johannes GUTENBERG
Through his invention of printing, Johannes Gutenberg transformed the production of the Bible, drastically reducing the time needed to reproduce it. Despite his ingenuity, he was in financial difficulty and lost a lawsuit against the banker Johann Fust. His innovations nevertheless revolutionized publishing and had a lasting impact.
Traduction et diffusion des Écritures
La traduction de la Bible est l'une des aventures intellectuelles et spirituelles les plus longues de l'histoire humaine. Des premières versions grecques de la Septante aux grandes traductions latines, puis aux Bibles en langues vernaculaires portées par la Réforme protestante, chaque époque a cherché à rendre les Écritures accessibles au plus grand nombre. Des figures comme Louis Segond ou Augustin Crampon ont marqué durablement l'histoire de la Bible en français.
Ce parcours explore les questions concrètes que soulève la traduction : comment rendre fidèlement un texte hébreu ou grec ancien dans une langue moderne ? Quels choix terminologiques s'imposent ? Quelles méthodes guident les traducteurs et réviseurs d'hier et d'aujourd'hui ?
La diffusion des Écritures est indissociable de leur traduction. L'invention de l'imprimerie, puis les outils numériques contemporains, ont transformé en profondeur la manière dont la Bible circule et est étudiée. Ce thème invite à mesurer le chemin parcouru, des manuscrits anciens aux applications modernes d'étude biblique.
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LGH002
Louis SEGOND
Louis Segond, a Swiss theologian, translated the Bible into French. His version, based on the Masoretic text and the Textus Receptus, remains a major reference for French-speaking Protestants. His faithful translation of the Scriptures was revised after his death and is still in use today.
The Torah
La Torah désigne les cinq premiers livres de la Bible hébraïque — la Genèse, l'Exode, le Lévitique, les Nombres et le Deutéronome — qui constituent le socle fondateur de la foi juive et une référence essentielle pour la compréhension du christianisme. Ces textes racontent les origines du monde, la vocation des patriarches, la libération d'Égypte et l'établissement de l'alliance entre Dieu et son peuple.
Les articles réunis autour de ce thème abordent des questions aussi variées que la composition et les sources littéraires du Pentateuque, la formation du Tanakh, les traditions jahviste, élohiste et sacerdotale, ou encore la chronologie biblique des récits fondateurs. On y explore également les dix plaies d'Égypte, les rituels et lois transmis à Moïse, et le rôle structurant de l'Exode dans l'histoire du salut.
Ce parcours intéresse aussi bien le lecteur curieux de l'histoire biblique que celui qui souhaite comprendre les racines culturelles et religieuses sur lesquelles s'appuient les Évangiles et l'ensemble du Nouveau Testament.
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PLA000
Les dix plaies d'Egypte
L'article 'Les dix plaies d'Égypte' analyse ces événements bibliques comme une révélation progressive de Dieu en tant que juge et libérateur, établissant des parallèles avec l'Apocalypse de Jean. Le peuple hébreu, opprimé en Égypte, voit en Moïse, accompagné d'Aaron, l'instrument divin de sa libération malgré le refus tenace de Pharaon.
Exodus 7-11 (King James Version) :And the LORD said unto Moses, See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh: and Aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet.Thou shalt speak all that I command thee: and Aaron thy brother shall speak unto Pharaoh, that he send the children of Israel out of his land.And I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and multiply my signs and my wonders in the land of Egypt.But Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you, that I may lay my hand upon Egypt, and bring forth mine armies, and my people the children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great judgments.And the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD, when I stretch forth mine hand upon Egypt, and bring out the children of Israel from among them.And Moses and Aaron did as the LORD commanded them, so did they.And Moses was fourscore years old, and Aaron fourscore and three years old, when they spake unto Pharaoh.And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying,When Pharaoh shall speak unto you, saying, Shew a miracle for you: then thou shalt say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and cast it before Pharaoh, and it shall become a serpent.And Moses and Aaron went in unto Pharaoh, and they did so as the LORD had commanded: and Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became a serpent.Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers: now the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments.For they cast down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron’s rod swallowed up their rods.And he hardened Pharaoh’s heart, that he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh’s heart is hardened, he refuseth to let the people go.Get thee unto Pharaoh in the morning; lo, he goeth out unto the water; and thou shalt stand by the river’s brink against he come; and the rod which was turned to a serpent shalt thou take in thine hand.And thou shalt say unto him, The LORD God of the Hebrews hath sent me unto thee, saying, Let my people go, that they may serve me in the wilderness: and, behold, hitherto thou wouldest not hear.Thus saith the LORD, In this thou shalt know that I am the LORD: behold, I will smite with the rod that is in mine hand upon the waters which are in the river, and they shall be turned to blood.And the fish that is in the river shall die, and the river shall stink; and the Egyptians shall lothe to drink of the water of the river.And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood, and in vessels of stone.Notepools…: Heb. gathering of their watersAnd Moses and Aaron did so, as the LORD commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river, in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.And the fish that was in the river died; and the river stank, and the Egyptians could not drink of the water of the river; and there was blood throughout all the land of Egypt.And the magicians of Egypt did so with their enchantments: and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, neither did he hearken unto them; as the LORD had said.And Pharaoh turned and went into his house, neither did he set his heart to this also.And all the Egyptians digged round about the river for water to drink; for they could not drink of the water of the river.And seven days were fulfilled, after that the LORD had smitten the river.And the LORD spake unto Moses, Go unto Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me.Notekneadingtroughs: or, doughAnd if thou refuse to let them go, behold, I will smite all thy borders with frogs:And the river shall bring forth frogs abundantly, which shall go up and come into thine house, and into thy bedchamber, and upon thy bed, and into the house of thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thine ovens, and into thy kneadingtroughs:And the frogs shall come up both on thee, and upon thy people, and upon all thy servants.And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch forth thine hand with thy rod over the streams, over the rivers, and over the ponds, and cause frogs to come up upon the land of Egypt.And Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt; and the frogs came up, and covered the land of Egypt.And the magicians did so with their enchantments, and brought up frogs upon the land of Egypt.Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron, and said, Intreat the LORD, that he may take away the frogs from me, and from my people; and I will let the people go, that they may do sacrifice unto the LORD.NoteGlory…: or, Have this honour over me, etcNotewhen: or, against whenNoteto destroy: Heb. to cut offNoteTo morrow: or, Against to morrowAnd Moses said unto Pharaoh, Glory over me: when shall I intreat for thee, and for thy servants, and for thy people, to destroy the frogs from thee and thy houses, that they may remain in the river only?And he said, To morrow. And he said, Be it according to thy word: that thou mayest know that there is none like unto the LORD our God.And the frogs shall depart from thee, and from thy houses, and from thy servants, and from thy people; they shall remain in the river only.And Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh: and Moses cried unto the LORD because of the frogs which he had brought against Pharaoh.And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and the frogs died out of the houses, out of the villages, and out of the fields.And they gathered them together upon heaps: and the land stank.But when Pharaoh saw that there was respite, he hardened his heart, and hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.And the LORD said unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt.And they did so; for Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the earth, and it became lice in man, and in beast; all the dust of the land became lice throughout all the land of Egypt.And the magicians did so with their enchantments to bring forth lice, but they could not: so there were lice upon man, and upon beast.Then the magicians said unto Pharaoh, This is the finger of God: and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh; lo, he cometh forth to the water; and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me.Noteswarms…: or, a mixture of noisome beasts, etcNotea division: Heb. a redemptionNoteto morrow: or, by to morrowNotecorrupted: or, destroyedElse, if thou wilt not let my people go, behold, I will send swarms of flies upon thee, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thy houses: and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of flies, and also the ground whereon they are.And I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there; to the end thou mayest know that I am the LORD in the midst of the earth.And I will put a division between my people and thy people: to morrow shall this sign be.And the LORD did so; and there came a grievous swarm of flies into the house of Pharaoh, and into his servants’ houses, and into all the land of Egypt: the land was corrupted by reason of the swarm of flies.And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and said, Go ye, sacrifice to your God in the land.And Moses said, It is not meet so to do; for we shall sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians to the LORD our God: lo, shall we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, and will they not stone us?We will go three days’ journey into the wilderness, and sacrifice to the LORD our God, as he shall command us.And Pharaoh said, I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the LORD your God in the wilderness; only ye shall not go very far away: intreat for me.And Moses said, Behold, I go out from thee, and I will intreat the LORD that the swarms of flies may depart from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people, to morrow: but let not Pharaoh deal deceitfully any more in not letting the people go to sacrifice to the LORD.And Moses went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD.And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and he removed the swarms of flies from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people; there remained not one.And Pharaoh hardened his heart at this time also, neither would he let the people go.Then the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh, and tell him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me.For if thou refuse to let them go, and wilt hold them still,Behold, the hand of the LORD is upon thy cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep: there shall be a very grievous murrain.And the LORD shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt: and there shall nothing die of all that is the children’s of Israel.And the LORD appointed a set time, saying, To morrow the LORD shall do this thing in the land.And the LORD did that thing on the morrow, and all the cattle of Egypt died: but of the cattle of the children of Israel died not one.And Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was not one of the cattle of the Israelites dead. And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not let the people go.And the LORD said unto Moses and unto Aaron, Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the heaven in the sight of Pharaoh.And it shall become small dust in all the land of Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast, throughout all the land of Egypt.And they took ashes of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it up toward heaven; and it became a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast.And the magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils; for the boil was upon the magicians, and upon all the Egyptians.And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had spoken unto Moses.And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me.Noteraised…: Heb. made thee standNoteregarded…: Heb. set not his heart untoFor I will at this time send all my plagues upon thine heart, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people; that thou mayest know that there is none like me in all the earth.For now I will stretch out my hand, that I may smite thee and thy people with pestilence; and thou shalt be cut off from the earth.And in very deed for this cause have I raised thee up, for to shew in thee my power; and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth.As yet exaltest thou thyself against my people, that thou wilt not let them go?Behold, to morrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since the foundation thereof even until now.Send therefore now, and gather thy cattle, and all that thou hast in the field; for upon every man and beast which shall be found in the field, and shall not be brought home, the hail shall come down upon them, and they shall die.He that feared the word of the LORD among the servants of Pharaoh made his servants and his cattle flee into the houses:And he that regarded not the word of the LORD left his servants and his cattle in the field.And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch forth thine hand toward heaven, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, upon man, and upon beast, and upon every herb of the field, throughout the land of Egypt.And Moses stretched forth his rod toward heaven: and the LORD sent thunder and hail, and the fire ran along upon the ground; and the LORD rained hail upon the land of Egypt.So there was hail, and fire mingled with the hail, very grievous, such as there was none like it in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation.And the hail smote throughout all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and beast; and the hail smote every herb of the field, and brake every tree of the field.Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, was there no hail.And Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said unto them, I have sinned this time: the LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked.Notemighty…: Heb. voices of GodNotenot grown…: Heb. hidden or, darkNoteby Moses: Heb. by the hand of MosesIntreat the LORD (for it is enough) that there be no more mighty thunderings and hail; and I will let you go, and ye shall stay no longer.And Moses said unto him, As soon as I am gone out of the city, I will spread abroad my hands unto the LORD; and the thunder shall cease, neither shall there be any more hail; that thou mayest know how that the earth is the LORD’s.But as for thee and thy servants, I know that ye will not yet fear the LORD God.And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled.But the wheat and the rie were not smitten: for they were not grown up.And Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread abroad his hands unto the LORD: and the thunders and hail ceased, and the rain was not poured upon the earth.And when Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders were ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his servants.And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, neither would he let the children of Israel go; as the LORD had spoken by Moses.And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might shew these my signs before him:Noteface: Heb. eyeNotewho…: Heb. who and who, etcAnd that thou mayest tell in the ears of thy son, and of thy son’s son, what things I have wrought in Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that ye may know how that I am the LORD.And Moses and Aaron came in unto Pharaoh, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, How long wilt thou refuse to humble thyself before me? let my people go, that they may serve me.Else, if thou refuse to let my people go, behold, to morrow will I bring the locusts into thy coast:And they shall cover the face of the earth, that one cannot be able to see the earth: and they shall eat the residue of that which is escaped, which remaineth unto you from the hail, and shall eat every tree which groweth for you out of the field:And they shall fill thy houses, and the houses of all thy servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians; which neither thy fathers, nor thy fathers’ fathers have seen, since the day that they were upon the earth unto this day. And he turned himself, and went out from Pharaoh.And Pharaoh’s servants said unto him, How long shall this man be a snare unto us? let the men go, that they may serve the LORD their God: knowest thou not yet that Egypt is destroyed?And Moses and Aaron were brought again unto Pharaoh: and he said unto them, Go, serve the LORD your God: but who are they that shall go?And Moses said, We will go with our young and with our old, with our sons and with our daughters, with our flocks and with our herds will we go; for we must hold a feast unto the LORD.And he said unto them, Let the LORD be so with you, as I will let you go, and your little ones: look to it; for evil is before you.Not so: go now ye that are men, and serve the LORD; for that ye did desire. And they were driven out from Pharaoh’s presence.And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up upon the land of Egypt, and eat every herb of the land, even all that the hail hath left.And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and the LORD brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all that night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts.And the locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the coasts of Egypt: very grievous were they; before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such.For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left: and there remained not any green thing in the trees, or in the herbs of the field, through all the land of Egypt.Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste; and he said, I have sinned against the LORD your God, and against you.Notecalled: Heb. hastened to callNotecast: Heb. fastenedNow therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and intreat the LORD your God, that he may take away from me this death only.And he went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD.And the LORD turned a mighty strong west wind, which took away the locusts, and cast them into the Red sea; there remained not one locust in all the coasts of Egypt.But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go.And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.Noteeven…: Heb. that one may feel darknessAnd Moses stretched forth his hand toward heaven; and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days:They saw not one another, neither rose any from his place for three days: but all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings.And Pharaoh called unto Moses, and said, Go ye, serve the LORD; only let your flocks and your herds be stayed: let your little ones also go with you.Noteus: Heb. into our handsAnd Moses said, Thou must give us also sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice unto the LORD our God.Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not an hoof be left behind; for thereof must we take to serve the LORD our God; and we know not with what we must serve the LORD, until we come thither.But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not let them go.And Pharaoh said unto him, Get thee from me, take heed to thyself, see my face no more; for in that day thou seest my face thou shalt die.And Moses said, Thou hast spoken well, I will see thy face again no more.And the LORD said unto Moses, Yet will I bring one plague more upon Pharaoh, and upon Egypt; afterwards he will let you go hence: when he shall let you go, he shall surely thrust you out hence altogether.Speak now in the ears of the people, and let every man borrow of his neighbour, and every woman of her neighbour, jewels of silver, and jewels of gold.And the LORD gave the people favour in the sight of the Egyptians. Moreover the man Moses was very great in the land of Egypt, in the sight of Pharaoh’s servants, and in the sight of the people.And Moses said, Thus saith the LORD, About midnight will I go out into the midst of Egypt:Notethat follow…: Heb. that is at thy feetNotea great…: Heb. heat of angerAnd all the firstborn in the land of Egypt shall die, from the firstborn of Pharaoh that sitteth upon his throne, even unto the firstborn of the maidservant that is behind the mill; and all the firstborn of beasts.And there shall be a great cry throughout all the land of Egypt, such as there was none like it, nor shall be like it any more.But against any of the children of Israel shall not a dog move his tongue, against man or beast: that ye may know how that the LORD doth put a difference between the Egyptians and Israel.And all these thy servants shall come down unto me, and bow down themselves unto me, saying, Get thee out, and all the people that follow thee: and after that I will go out. And he went out from Pharaoh in a great anger.And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you; that my wonders may be multiplied in the land of Egypt.And Moses and Aaron did all these wonders before Pharaoh: and the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go out of his land.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org