The context of Jesus’ birth (Nativity) and childhood 1 study
Biblical prophecies and the ‘end times’ 1 study
Chronology 1 study
The Revelation of Daniel 12 studies
- 4Structure and Organization of the Book of Daniel
- 5Daniel 1 – Faithful in Babylon: living in a foreign world without losing one's identity
- 6Daniel 2 – The God who reveals mysteries and directs history
- 7Daniel 2 – The statue and the kingdoms: when God reveals the meaning of history
- 8Daniel 3 – Faithful even in the furnace
Contradictions 1 study
Historical notes 6 studies
- 17The Code of Hammurabi
- 18The unpronounceable name of God
- 19The Priestly Source
- 20The Tanakh
- 21The Masoretes
Additional Information 1 study
The context of Jesus’ birth (Nativity) and childhood
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CHR004
The exact date of the decree
The study explores the chronology of the life of Jesus through Daniel’s prophecy. It identifies the decree of Artaxerxes as a key starting point and examines the difficulties related to the precision of ancient dates, highlighting the year 458 BC. The article argues that this research is rooted in a divine will, orchestrated by God.
Daniel 9.24 (King James Version) :Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
Biblical prophecies and the ‘end times’
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DAN000
General introduction to the book of Daniel
General introduction to the book of Daniel, a major prophetic text of the Old Testament. This article lays the historical, literary and theological foundations needed to understand this apocalyptic book, addressing its structure, author, main themes and the exegetical debates over its date and reliability.
Daniel 9.24-27 (King James Version) :Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy.Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times.And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined.And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
Chronology
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CHR001
The prophet Daniel
The article examines the figure of the prophet Daniel in a series of chronological studies on the life of Jesus. It focuses on Daniel’s prophecy of the seventy weeks and discusses its historical and interpretive implications, while also exploring the context of the reign of King Josiah.
2 Kings 22.18-20 (King James Version) :But to the king of Judah which sent you to enquire of the LORD, thus shall ye say to him, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, As touching the words which thou hast heard;Because thine heart was tender, and thou hast humbled thyself before the LORD, when thou heardest what I spake against this place, and against the inhabitants thereof, that they should become a desolation and a curse, and hast rent thy clothes, and wept before me; I also have heard thee, saith the LORD.Behold therefore, I will gather thee unto thy fathers, and thou shalt be gathered into thy grave in peace; and thine eyes shall not see all the evil which I will bring upon this place. And they brought the king word again.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
The Revelation of Daniel
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DAN001
Structure and Organization of the Book of Daniel
The complex, bilingual book of Daniel presents narratives and prophetic visions illustrating the succession of human kingdoms and God's eternal sovereignty. Faithful in exile, Daniel becomes a prophet, revealing major prophecies culminating in deliverance and resurrection.
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DAN002
Daniel 1 – Faithful in Babylon: living in a foreign world without losing one's identity
Daniel 1 shows how Daniel and his friends manage to remain true to their faith in a foreign setting, despite attempts at cultural transformation, through wisdom and faithfulness to God.
Daniel 1.2 (King James Version) :And the Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, with part of the vessels of the house of God: which he carried into the land of Shinar to the house of his god; and he brought the vessels into the treasure house of his god.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
DAN003
Daniel 2 – The God who reveals mysteries and directs history
Daniel 2 reveals God's sovereignty over history. Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, receives an inexplicable dream that the wise men cannot interpret. Through God, Daniel describes a statue representing successive kingdoms. God, rather than empires, rules history. This affirms Daniel's faith and divine power.
Daniel 2.19 (King James Version) :Then was the secret revealed unto Daniel in a night vision. Then Daniel blessed the God of heaven.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
DAN004
Daniel 2 – The statue and the kingdoms: when God reveals the meaning of history
This article analyses Nebuchadnezzar's dream described in Daniel 2, in which a multicoloured statue projects an image of future empires. The importance of this vision lies in the final emergence of God's eternal Kingdom, surpassing earthly kingdoms.
Daniel 2.38 (King James Version) :And wheresoever the children of men dwell, the beasts of the field and the fowls of the heaven hath he given into thine hand, and hath made thee ruler over them all. Thou art this head of gold.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
DAN005
Daniel 3 – Faithful even in the furnace
Three Judeans refuse to worship a golden statue during Nebuchadnezzar's reign, risking their lives out of faithfulness to God. Thrown into a furnace, they are miraculously protected by an angel. This account illustrates the conflict between human authority and faithfulness to God.
Daniel 3.29 (King James Version) :Therefore I make a decree, That every people, nation, and language, which speak any thing amiss against the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego, shall be cut in pieces, and their houses shall be made a dunghill: because there is no other God that can deliver after this sort.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
DAN006
Nebuchadnezzar humbled: the king's pride before God's sovereignty
The article recounts how King Nebuchadnezzar's pride is confronted with divine sovereignty through a dream of an immense tree being cut down. Daniel interprets this dream as a divine warning against the king's arrogance and urges him to repent. After a period symbolized by 'seven times', Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges God's supremacy, regains his sanity, and restores his kingdom.
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DAN007
Daniel 5 – Belshazzar's feast: when Babylon is weighed and judged
Daniel 5 tells of the fall of Babylon under the reign of Belshazzar, who desecrates the sacred vessels. A mysterious inscription, interpreted by Daniel, predicts the end of the kingdom. God judges human powers, illustrating Belshazzar's arrogance.
Daniel 5.1-30 (King James Version) :Belshazzar the king made a great feast to a thousand of his lords, and drank wine before the thousand.Notefather: or, grandfatherNotetaken: Chaldee, brought forthBelshazzar, whiles he tasted the wine, commanded to bring the golden and silver vessels which his father Nebuchadnezzar had taken out of the temple which was in Jerusalem; that the king, and his princes, his wives, and his concubines, might drink therein.Then they brought the golden vessels that were taken out of the temple of the house of God which was at Jerusalem; and the king, and his princes, his wives, and his concubines, drank in them.They drank wine, and praised the gods of gold, and of silver, of brass, of iron, of wood, and of stone.In the same hour came forth fingers of a man’s hand, and wrote over against the candlestick upon the plaister of the wall of the king’s palace: and the king saw the part of the hand that wrote.Notecountenance: Chaldee, brightnessesNotewas changed: Chaldee, changed itNotejoints: or, girdles: Chaldee, bindings, or, knotsNotealoud: Chaldee, with mightNotescarlet: or, purpleNotecountenance: Chaldee, brightnessesThen the king’s countenance was changed, and his thoughts troubled him, so that the joints of his loins were loosed, and his knees smote one against another.The king cried aloud to bring in the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers. And the king spake, and said to the wise men of Babylon, Whosoever shall read this writing, and shew me the interpretation thereof, shall be clothed with scarlet, and have a chain of gold about his neck, and shall be the third ruler in the kingdom.Then came in all the king’s wise men: but they could not read the writing, nor make known to the king the interpretation thereof.Then was king Belshazzar greatly troubled, and his countenance was changed in him, and his lords were astonied.Now the queen, by reason of the words of the king and his lords, came into the banquet house: and the queen spake and said, O king, live for ever: let not thy thoughts trouble thee, nor let thy countenance be changed:Notefather: or, grandfatherNoteinterpreting: or, of an interpreterNotedissolving: or, of a dissolverNotedoubts: Chaldee, knotsNotefather: or, grandfatherNotemake interpretations: Chaldee, interpret, etcThere is a man in thy kingdom, in whom is the spirit of the holy gods; and in the days of thy father light and understanding and wisdom, like the wisdom of the gods, was found in him; whom the king Nebuchadnezzar thy father, the king, I say, thy father, made master of the magicians, astrologers, Chaldeans, and soothsayers;Forasmuch as an excellent spirit, and knowledge, and understanding, interpreting of dreams, and shewing of hard sentences, and dissolving of doubts, were found in the same Daniel, whom the king named Belteshazzar: now let Daniel be called, and he will shew the interpretation.Then was Daniel brought in before the king. And the king spake and said unto Daniel, Art thou that Daniel, which art of the children of the captivity of Judah, whom the king my father brought out of Jewry?I have even heard of thee, that the spirit of the gods is in thee, and that light and understanding and excellent wisdom is found in thee.And now the wise men, the astrologers, have been brought in before me, that they should read this writing, and make known unto me the interpretation thereof: but they could not shew the interpretation of the thing:And I have heard of thee, that thou canst make interpretations, and dissolve doubts: now if thou canst read the writing, and make known to me the interpretation thereof, thou shalt be clothed with scarlet, and have a chain of gold about thy neck, and shalt be the third ruler in the kingdom.Then Daniel answered and said before the king, Let thy gifts be to thyself, and give thy rewards to another; yet I will read the writing unto the king, and make known to him the interpretation.Noterewards: or, feeNotein pride: or, to deal proudlyNotedeposed: Chaldee, made to come downNotehis heart…: or, he made his heart equal, etcO thou king, the most high God gave Nebuchadnezzar thy father a kingdom, and majesty, and glory, and honour:And for the majesty that he gave him, all people, nations, and languages, trembled and feared before him: whom he would he slew; and whom he would he kept alive; and whom he would he set up; and whom he would he put down.But when his heart was lifted up, and his mind hardened in pride, he was deposed from his kingly throne, and they took his glory from him:And he was driven from the sons of men; and his heart was made like the beasts, and his dwelling was with the wild asses: they fed him with grass like oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven; till he knew that the most high God ruled in the kingdom of men, and that he appointeth over it whomsoever he will.And thou his son, O Belshazzar, hast not humbled thine heart, though thou knewest all this;But hast lifted up thyself against the Lord of heaven; and they have brought the vessels of his house before thee, and thou, and thy lords, thy wives, and thy concubines, have drunk wine in them; and thou hast praised the gods of silver, and gold, of brass, iron, wood, and stone, which see not, nor hear, nor know: and the God in whose hand thy breath is, and whose are all thy ways, hast thou not glorified:Then was the part of the hand sent from him; and this writing was written.And this is the writing that was written, MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN.This is the interpretation of the thing: MENE; God hath numbered thy kingdom, and finished it.TEKEL; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting.PERES; Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians.Then commanded Belshazzar, and they clothed Daniel with scarlet, and put a chain of gold about his neck, and made a proclamation concerning him, that he should be the third ruler in the kingdom.In that night was Belshazzar the king of the Chaldeans slain.Notebeing…: Chaldee, he as the son of, etcNoteabout: or, nowKing James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
DAN008
Daniel 6 – Daniel in the lions' den: staying faithful when faith becomes dangerous
Daniel 6 tells how Daniel, despite a decree forbidding any worship other than of the king, continues to pray to God. Jealous of his position, his adversaries use the decree to trap him. Thrown into the lions' den, Daniel is miraculously protected by God. His unshakable faith leads Darius to acknowledge the eternal power of God.
Daniel 6.21 (King James Version) :Then said Daniel unto the king, O king, live for ever.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
DAN009
Daniel 7 – The four beasts and the kingdom of the Son of Man
Daniel 7 details a key prophetic vision using four beasts to symbolise kingdoms: Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece and Rome. The text illustrates the temporary nature of human powers in comparison with God's eternal reign, entrusted to 'one like a son of man'.
Revelation 13 (King James Version) :And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy.And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as the feet of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority.And I saw one of his heads as it were wounded to death; and his deadly wound was healed: and all the world wondered after the beast.And they worshipped the dragon which gave power unto the beast: and they worshipped the beast, saying, Who is like unto the beast? who is able to make war with him?And there was given unto him a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies; and power was given unto him to continue forty and two months.And he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme his name, and his tabernacle, and them that dwell in heaven.And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: and power was given him over all kindreds, and tongues, and nations.And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world.If any man have an ear, let him hear.He that leadeth into captivity shall go into captivity: he that killeth with the sword must be killed with the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints.And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon.And he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him, and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed.And he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men,And deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by the means of those miracles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast; saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast, which had the wound by a sword, and did live.And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed.And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads:And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
DAN010
Daniel 8 – The ram, the goat and the little horn
Daniel 8 prophesies the transition of the empires from Babylon to Greece, with the persecuting rise of Antiochus IV. This vision illustrates the coming of divine authority after the restoration of the Temple in Jerusalem by Judas Maccabeus.
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DAN011
Daniel 9 – The seventy weeks: from Daniel's prayer to messianic hope
Daniel 9 begins with a prayer and ends with the prophecy of the seventy weeks. Daniel discovers that the exile of Jerusalem is drawing to an end, then receives from the angel Gabriel the vision of a larger period, symbolized by 490 years leading to the messianic era. His prayer emphasizes the confession of Israel's sin and the pursuit of divine mercy. The first 69 weeks lead to the ministry of John the Baptist, with the last weeks anticipating an eschatological horizon.
Ezra 7 (King James Version) :Now after these things, in the reign of Artaxerxes king of Persia, Ezra the son of Seraiah, the son of Azariah, the son of Hilkiah,Notebegan…: Heb. was the foundation of the going upThe son of Shallum, the son of Zadok, the son of Ahitub,The son of Amariah, the son of Azariah, the son of Meraioth,The son of Zerahiah, the son of Uzzi, the son of Bukki,The son of Abishua, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the chief priest:This Ezra went up from Babylon; and he was a ready scribe in the law of Moses, which the LORD God of Israel had given: and the king granted him all his request, according to the hand of the LORD his God upon him.And there went up some of the children of Israel, and of the priests, and the Levites, and the singers, and the porters, and the Nethinims, unto Jerusalem, in the seventh year of Artaxerxes the king.And he came to Jerusalem in the fifth month, which was in the seventh year of the king.For upon the first day of the first month began he to go up from Babylon, and on the first day of the fifth month came he to Jerusalem, according to the good hand of his God upon him.For Ezra had prepared his heart to seek the law of the LORD, and to do it, and to teach in Israel statutes and judgments.Now this is the copy of the letter that the king Artaxerxes gave unto Ezra the priest, the scribe, even a scribe of the words of the commandments of the LORD, and of his statutes to Israel.Noteunto…: or, to Ezra the priest, a perfect scribe of the law of the God of heaven, peace, etcNoteof the king: Chaldee, from before the kingNotemeasures: Chaldee, corsNoteWhatsoever…: Chaldee, Whatsoever is of the decreeNoteto banishment: Chaldee, to rooting outArtaxerxes, king of kings, unto Ezra the priest, a scribe of the law of the God of heaven, perfect peace, and at such a time.I make a decree, that all they of the people of Israel, and of his priests and Levites, in my realm, which are minded of their own freewill to go up to Jerusalem, go with thee.Forasmuch as thou art sent of the king, and of his seven counsellors, to enquire concerning Judah and Jerusalem, according to the law of thy God which is in thine hand;And to carry the silver and gold, which the king and his counsellors have freely offered unto the God of Israel, whose habitation is in Jerusalem,And all the silver and gold that thou canst find in all the province of Babylon, with the freewill offering of the people, and of the priests, offering willingly for the house of their God which is in Jerusalem:That thou mayest buy speedily with this money bullocks, rams, lambs, with their meat offerings and their drink offerings, and offer them upon the altar of the house of your God which is in Jerusalem.And whatsoever shall seem good to thee, and to thy brethren, to do with the rest of the silver and the gold, that do after the will of your God.The vessels also that are given thee for the service of the house of thy God, those deliver thou before the God of Jerusalem.And whatsoever more shall be needful for the house of thy God, which thou shalt have occasion to bestow, bestow it out of the king’s treasure house.And I, even I Artaxerxes the king, do make a decree to all the treasurers which are beyond the river, that whatsoever Ezra the priest, the scribe of the law of the God of heaven, shall require of you, it be done speedily,Unto an hundred talents of silver, and to an hundred measures of wheat, and to an hundred baths of wine, and to an hundred baths of oil, and salt without prescribing how much.Whatsoever is commanded by the God of heaven, let it be diligently done for the house of the God of heaven: for why should there be wrath against the realm of the king and his sons?Also we certify you, that touching any of the priests and Levites, singers, porters, Nethinims, or ministers of this house of God, it shall not be lawful to impose toll, tribute, or custom, upon them.And thou, Ezra, after the wisdom of thy God, that is in thine hand, set magistrates and judges, which may judge all the people that are beyond the river, all such as know the laws of thy God; and teach ye them that know them not.And whosoever will not do the law of thy God, and the law of the king, let judgment be executed speedily upon him, whether it be unto death, or to banishment, or to confiscation of goods, or to imprisonment.Blessed be the LORD God of our fathers, which hath put such a thing as this in the king’s heart, to beautify the house of the LORD which is in Jerusalem:And hath extended mercy unto me before the king, and his counsellors, and before all the king’s mighty princes. And I was strengthened as the hand of the LORD my God was upon me, and I gathered together out of Israel chief men to go up with me.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
DAN012
Daniel 10 – Behind visible history, the invisible battle
Daniel 10 reveals an invisible conflict between spiritual powers. Daniel prays for three weeks with no apparent answer. A heavenly figure explains to him that he was hindered by the prince of Persia, but helped by Michael, a heavenly chief. This highlights the need for persistent prayer and the reality of a hidden spiritual battle, while affirming that the future is in God's hands.
Jude 1.9 (King James Version) :Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, The Lord rebuke thee.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
Contradictions
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CTD007
The exact number of generations in Matthew?
The article examines the apparent discrepancy between thirteen and fourteen generations announced in Matthew 1.17, resolved by including Mary in the genealogy. This reflects a theological intention in which the Messiah is not fathered by a man but conceived by the Holy Spirit, thus restoring the coherence of Scripture.
Matthew 1.17 (King James Version) :So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon unto Christ are fourteen generations.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
Historical notes
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INF008
The Code of Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi allowed a barren woman to offer her servant to her husband to secure descendants, the child being recognized as legitimate. This practice, widespread in the ancient Near East, was not prescribed in the Law of Moses. It sheds light on Sarah's gesture in offering Hagar to Abraham, an act that was culturally acceptable but contrary to the specific divine promise made to Abraham concerning his descendants.
Genesis 16.1-4 (King James Version) :Now Sarai Abram’s wife bare him no children: and she had an handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar.Noteobtain…: Heb. be built by herAnd Sarai said unto Abram, Behold now, the LORD hath restrained me from bearing: I pray thee, go in unto my maid; it may be that I may obtain children by her. And Abram hearkened to the voice of Sarai.And Sarai Abram’s wife took Hagar her maid the Egyptian, after Abram had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan, and gave her to her husband Abram to be his wife.And he went in unto Hagar, and she conceived: and when she saw that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in her eyes.Noteas…: Heb. that which is good in thine eyesNotedealt…: Heb. afflicted herKing James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
INF010
The unpronounceable name of God
YHWH, God's proper name in the Hebrew Bible, consists of four Hebrew consonants (the Tetragrammaton). Its exact pronunciation is unknown because ancient Hebrew does not write vowels. Out of respect for the third commandment (Ex 20:7), Jews replace it with 'Adonai' or 'Ha Elohim'. Translated as 'Kyrios' in Greek and then as 'the Eternal' in Protestant Bibles, this name appears nearly 6,800 times in the Old Testament.
Exodus 20.7 (King James Version) :Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
INF044
The Priestly Source
The Priestly source (P) is one of the four hypothetical sources of the Torah according to the documentary hypothesis. Characterized by a formal and repetitive style, it emphasizes rituals, purity laws, genealogies and cultic ceremonies. It presents God as transcendent and majestic. Dated to the Babylonian exile or the post-exilic period (6th-5th century BC), it is thought to have been written by priests of the Temple in Jerusalem. Its validity remains debated among contemporary scholars.
Genesis 1 (King James Version) :In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.Notethe light from…: Heb. between the light and between the darknessNoteAnd the evening…: Heb. And the evening was, and the morning was etc.And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.Notefirmament: Heb. expansionNoteAnd the evening…: Heb. And the evening was, and the morning was etc.And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.Notegrass: Heb. tender grassNoteAnd the evening…: Heb. And the evening was, and the morning was etc.And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.And the evening and the morning were the third day.And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:Notethe day…: Heb. between the day and between the nightNoteto rule the day…: Heb. for the rule of the day, etc.NoteAnd the evening…: Heb. And the evening was, and the morning was etc.And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.Notemoving: or, creepingNotelife: Heb. soulNotefowl…: Heb. let fowl flyNoteopen…: Heb. face of the firmament of heavenNoteAnd the evening…: Heb. And the evening was, and the morning was etc.And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so.And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.Notemoveth: Heb. creepethSo God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.Notebearing…: Heb. seeding seedNoteyielding…: Heb. seeding seedNotelife: Heb. a living soulNoteAnd the evening…: Heb. And the evening was, and the morning was etc.And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
INF045
The Tanakh
The Tanakh is the canon of the sacred Scriptures of Judaism, corresponding to the Christian Old Testament. Its name is an acronym formed from its three sections: Torah (Pentateuch), Nevi'im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (Writings). Written mainly in Hebrew with a few passages in Aramaic, it forms the theological, moral and liturgical foundation of Judaism and the common roots of the Jewish and Christian traditions.
Nehemiah 1.1 (King James Version) :The words of Nehemiah the son of Hachaliah. And it came to pass in the month Chisleu, in the twentieth year, as I was in Shushan the palace,King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
INF057
The Masoretes
The Masoretes were Jewish scholars active from the 1st century BC to the 10th century, charged with preserving the Hebrew biblical text. They developed the Masorah, a system of diacritical marks to fix the vocalization and pronunciation of the Scriptures. Their work resulted in the Masoretic Text, a fundamental reference for modern Bible translations and textual criticism.
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INF058
Tiberian Vocalization
Tiberian vocalization is a system of notation developed between the 7th and 10th centuries by Jewish scholars of Tiberias to add vowels (Nikkud) and cantillation marks (Te'amim) to the Hebrew consonants. This Masoretic system, the most complete of those that exist, standardized the reading of the Scriptures and is found in the Masoretic text, notably in the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex.
Additional Information
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CHA005
The prophet Daniel
The article explores Daniel's life and prophetic writings in depth, revealing chronological periods vital to understanding the prophecies. Josiah, king of Judah, is described as a devoted servant of God who dies tragically while defying Egypt. Daniel, then a young man, begins his prophetic destiny in this turbulent setting.
Isaiah 39.5-7 (King James Version) :Then said Isaiah to Hezekiah, Hear the word of the LORD of hosts:Behold, the days come, that all that is in thine house, and that which thy fathers have laid up in store until this day, shall be carried to Babylon: nothing shall be left, saith the LORD.And of thy sons that shall issue from thee, which thou shalt beget, shall they take away; and they shall be eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
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ANN006
The exact date of the decree
The article analyzes the decree of Artaxerxes concerning Jerusalem, organizing the biblical calendar around the seventy prophetic weeks of Daniel, crucial for dating the life of Jesus,…
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ANN042
Travel times
This appendix examines means of travel and journey times in the first century. In Jesus' time, people travelled mainly on foot, in caravans or…