Le ministère de Jean le baptiste 1 étude
De la 2ème à la 3ème fête de Pâque 4 études
De la 3ème Pâque au début de la dernière semaine 4 études
La dernière semaine avant l'arrestation 2 études
Fiabilité des Écritures et autres thèmes doctrinaux 9 études
- 12Les dix plaies d'Egypte
- 13The Initial Confrontation Between Moses and Pharaoh
- 14The First Plague: The Water of the Nile Turned to Blood
- 15The Second Plague: The Invasion of the Frogs
- 16The third plague: mosquitoes that emerged from the dust
Histoire de la Bible 2 études
Les contradictions 1 étude
Ministère de Pierre 2 études
Miracles 1 étude
Notes historiques 12 études
- 27Le code d'Hammourabi
- 28The unpronounceable name of God
- 29The land of Canaan
- 30La Torah
- 31Le Pentateuque
The ministry of John the Baptist
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PER038
The first Passover festival
Pericope PER038 analyses the first Passover festival in John’s Gospel (John 2:13), dated precisely to 7 April 30. The article makes three observations: the festival’s chronological value for dating Jesus’ ministry over three and a half years, John’s distinction of the ‘Passover of the Jews’, and Jesus’ observance of Jewish rites. John alone records this period before John the Baptist’s arrest.
1 Corinthians 5.7 (King James Version) :Purge out therefore the old leaven, that ye may be a new lump, as ye are unleavened. For even Christ our passover is sacrificed for us:King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
From the second to the third Passover festival
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PER072
Testimonies confirming that of Jesus the Messiah
The article discusses the testimonies confirming that Jesus is the Messiah, notably those of John the Baptist and the divine miracles, in John's tradition. The setting is Jerusalem after Passover in March AD 31. Jesus criticises the religious authorities who do not recognise him and invokes Moses as a precursor. Some, such as Nicodemus, will convert.
John 1.7 (King James Version) :The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PER089
The Sermon on the Mount (5), the Messiah Jesus' relationship with the law
The fifth part of the Sermon on the Mount, this article analyses Jesus' relationship with Mosaic law on the basis of Matthew 5:17–20. Jesus states that he came to fulfil the law fully according to God's original purpose rather than abolish it. He distinguishes Moses' authentic law from the religious traditions added by scribes and Pharisees and warns that their institutionalised righteousness does not lead to the kingdom of heaven.
Luke 24.44 (King James Version) :And he said unto them, These are the words which I spake unto you, while I was yet with you, that all things must be fulfilled, which were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms, concerning me.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PER090
The Sermon on the Mount (6), murder, offerings, and forgiveness
The sixth part of the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:21–26), this pericope examines Jesus' teaching on murder, offering and forgiveness. Jesus deepens the fifth commandment by showing that anger and contempt towards one's brother are spiritually as serious as murder itself. He contrasts the letter of Pharisaic law with God's original spirit and affirms that sincere forgiveness alone, rather than an offering, restores a normal relationship. The warning is eschatological: without reconciliation, there is Gehenna.
Matthew 5.20 (King James Version) :For I say unto you, That except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PER094
The Sermon on the Mount (10): loving one's enemies
The tenth section of the Sermon on the Mount concerns love of enemies (Matthew 5:43–48; Luke 6:27–36). Jesus goes beyond Pharisaic interpretation by inviting his disciples to love even Gentiles, following God, who loves all people. The ‘Golden Rule’ (Matthew 7:12) complements this teaching. The ultimate aim is divine perfection: ‘Be perfect as your heavenly Father is perfect.’
Luke 6.27-36 (King James Version) :But I say unto you which hear, Love your enemies, do good to them which hate you,Bless them that curse you, and pray for them which despitefully use you.And unto him that smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the other; and him that taketh away thy cloke forbid not to take thy coat also.Give to every man that asketh of thee; and of him that taketh away thy goods ask them not again.And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise.For if ye love them which love you, what thank have ye? for sinners also love those that love them.And if ye do good to them which do good to you, what thank have ye? for sinners also do even the same.And if ye lend to them of whom ye hope to receive, what thank have ye? for sinners also lend to sinners, to receive as much again.But love ye your enemies, and do good, and lend, hoping for nothing again; and your reward shall be great, and ye shall be the children of the Highest: for he is kind unto the unthankful and to the evil.Be ye therefore merciful, as your Father also is merciful.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
From the third Passover to the beginning of the last week
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PER170
The reaction of the crowd
Après la multiplication des pains, la foule reconnaît Jésus comme le prophète annoncé par Moïse et veut le couronner roi. Seul Jean rapporte cet épisode. Jésus se retire sur la montagne, refusant une royauté politique. Ce passage révèle la tension entre les attentes messianiques populaires et la mission spirituelle du Messie, qui refuse de se conformer aux espérances nationalistes de son époque.
John 6.14-15 (King James Version) :Then those men, when they had seen the miracle that Jesus did, said, This is of a truth that prophet that should come into the world.When Jesus therefore perceived that they would come and take him by force, to make him a king, he departed again into a mountain himself alone.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PER193
The transfiguration
The article explores the transfiguration of Jesus, in which he shines with divine light alongside Moses and Elijah on Mount Hermon. Peter, James and John are witnesses of it. This event reveals the divinity of Jesus.
Matthew 17.1-13 (King James Version) :And after six days Jesus taketh Peter, James, and John his brother, and bringeth them up into an high mountain apart,And was transfigured before them: and his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the light.And, behold, there appeared unto them Moses and Elias talking with him.Then answered Peter, and said unto Jesus, Lord, it is good for us to be here: if thou wilt, let us make here three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias.While he yet spake, behold, a bright cloud overshadowed them: and behold a voice out of the cloud, which said, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased; hear ye him.And when the disciples heard it, they fell on their face, and were sore afraid.And Jesus came and touched them, and said, Arise, and be not afraid.And when they had lifted up their eyes, they saw no man, save Jesus only.And as they came down from the mountain, Jesus charged them, saying, Tell the vision to no man, until the Son of man be risen again from the dead.And his disciples asked him, saying, Why then say the scribes that Elias must first come?And Jesus answered and said unto them, Elias truly shall first come, and restore all things.But I say unto you, That Elias is come already, and they knew him not, but have done unto him whatsoever they listed. Likewise shall also the Son of man suffer of them.Then the disciples understood that he spake unto them of John the Baptist.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PER195
The disciples’ question about the prophet Elijah
After the transfiguration, the disciples ask Jesus about the prophecy concerning Elijah. Jesus reveals that John the Baptist fulfills this prophecy, a connection that the Gospels develop progressively.
Matthew 17.10-13 (King James Version) :And his disciples asked him, saying, Why then say the scribes that Elias must first come?And Jesus answered and said unto them, Elias truly shall first come, and restore all things.But I say unto you, That Elias is come already, and they knew him not, but have done unto him whatsoever they listed. Likewise shall also the Son of man suffer of them.Then the disciples understood that he spake unto them of John the Baptist.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PER213
The Teaching of the Messiah Jesus at the Temple
At the Feast of Tabernacles in October AD 32, the Messiah Jesus teaches at the temple in Jerusalem with an authority that astonishes the crowd and angers the Pharisees. John 7.14-24 reports this unique episode in which Jesus affirms that his teaching comes from God and defends a Sabbath healing with a rigorous scriptural argument. The hostility of the religious authorities intensifies.
John 7.15 (King James Version) :And the Jews marvelled, saying, How knoweth this man letters, having never learned?King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
The last week before the arrest
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PER295
The questions of the Pharisees and the Herodians
In the Temple of Jerusalem, the Sadducees try to trap Jesus with a question about the resurrection involving a woman who had seven husbands. Jesus answers by revealing their ignorance of the Scriptures and of the power of God: in the life to come, people no longer marry. He proves the resurrection from the Torah by quoting Exodus 3.6: God is the God of the living, not of the dead. His adversaries are reduced to silence.
Mark 1.22 (King James Version) :And they were astonished at his doctrine: for he taught them as one that had authority, and not as the scribes.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PER298
Indictment Against the Religious Leaders
In the courtyard of the Temple in Jerusalem, on the Wednesday before his Passion, Jesus delivers a severe indictment against the scribes and the Pharisees. Through eight proclamations of ‘Woe to you!’, he denounces their hypocrisy, their pride and their outward show of religion, while expressing deep sorrow over Jerusalem. He calls his disciples to a genuine, humble faith that serves others.
Matthew 23.37 (King James Version) :O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and stonest them which are sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not!King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
Reliability of the Scriptures and other doctrinal topics
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PLA000
Les dix plaies d'Egypte
L'article 'Les dix plaies d'Égypte' analyse ces événements bibliques comme une révélation progressive de Dieu en tant que juge et libérateur, établissant des parallèles avec l'Apocalypse de Jean. Le peuple hébreu, opprimé en Égypte, voit en Moïse, accompagné d'Aaron, l'instrument divin de sa libération malgré le refus tenace de Pharaon.
Exodus 7-11 (King James Version) :And the LORD said unto Moses, See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh: and Aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet.Thou shalt speak all that I command thee: and Aaron thy brother shall speak unto Pharaoh, that he send the children of Israel out of his land.And I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and multiply my signs and my wonders in the land of Egypt.But Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you, that I may lay my hand upon Egypt, and bring forth mine armies, and my people the children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great judgments.And the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD, when I stretch forth mine hand upon Egypt, and bring out the children of Israel from among them.And Moses and Aaron did as the LORD commanded them, so did they.And Moses was fourscore years old, and Aaron fourscore and three years old, when they spake unto Pharaoh.And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying,When Pharaoh shall speak unto you, saying, Shew a miracle for you: then thou shalt say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and cast it before Pharaoh, and it shall become a serpent.And Moses and Aaron went in unto Pharaoh, and they did so as the LORD had commanded: and Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became a serpent.Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers: now the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments.For they cast down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron’s rod swallowed up their rods.And he hardened Pharaoh’s heart, that he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh’s heart is hardened, he refuseth to let the people go.Get thee unto Pharaoh in the morning; lo, he goeth out unto the water; and thou shalt stand by the river’s brink against he come; and the rod which was turned to a serpent shalt thou take in thine hand.And thou shalt say unto him, The LORD God of the Hebrews hath sent me unto thee, saying, Let my people go, that they may serve me in the wilderness: and, behold, hitherto thou wouldest not hear.Thus saith the LORD, In this thou shalt know that I am the LORD: behold, I will smite with the rod that is in mine hand upon the waters which are in the river, and they shall be turned to blood.And the fish that is in the river shall die, and the river shall stink; and the Egyptians shall lothe to drink of the water of the river.And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood, and in vessels of stone.Notepools…: Heb. gathering of their watersAnd Moses and Aaron did so, as the LORD commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river, in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.And the fish that was in the river died; and the river stank, and the Egyptians could not drink of the water of the river; and there was blood throughout all the land of Egypt.And the magicians of Egypt did so with their enchantments: and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, neither did he hearken unto them; as the LORD had said.And Pharaoh turned and went into his house, neither did he set his heart to this also.And all the Egyptians digged round about the river for water to drink; for they could not drink of the water of the river.And seven days were fulfilled, after that the LORD had smitten the river.And the LORD spake unto Moses, Go unto Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me.Notekneadingtroughs: or, doughAnd if thou refuse to let them go, behold, I will smite all thy borders with frogs:And the river shall bring forth frogs abundantly, which shall go up and come into thine house, and into thy bedchamber, and upon thy bed, and into the house of thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thine ovens, and into thy kneadingtroughs:And the frogs shall come up both on thee, and upon thy people, and upon all thy servants.And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch forth thine hand with thy rod over the streams, over the rivers, and over the ponds, and cause frogs to come up upon the land of Egypt.And Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt; and the frogs came up, and covered the land of Egypt.And the magicians did so with their enchantments, and brought up frogs upon the land of Egypt.Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron, and said, Intreat the LORD, that he may take away the frogs from me, and from my people; and I will let the people go, that they may do sacrifice unto the LORD.NoteGlory…: or, Have this honour over me, etcNotewhen: or, against whenNoteto destroy: Heb. to cut offNoteTo morrow: or, Against to morrowAnd Moses said unto Pharaoh, Glory over me: when shall I intreat for thee, and for thy servants, and for thy people, to destroy the frogs from thee and thy houses, that they may remain in the river only?And he said, To morrow. And he said, Be it according to thy word: that thou mayest know that there is none like unto the LORD our God.And the frogs shall depart from thee, and from thy houses, and from thy servants, and from thy people; they shall remain in the river only.And Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh: and Moses cried unto the LORD because of the frogs which he had brought against Pharaoh.And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and the frogs died out of the houses, out of the villages, and out of the fields.And they gathered them together upon heaps: and the land stank.But when Pharaoh saw that there was respite, he hardened his heart, and hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.And the LORD said unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt.And they did so; for Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the earth, and it became lice in man, and in beast; all the dust of the land became lice throughout all the land of Egypt.And the magicians did so with their enchantments to bring forth lice, but they could not: so there were lice upon man, and upon beast.Then the magicians said unto Pharaoh, This is the finger of God: and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh; lo, he cometh forth to the water; and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me.Noteswarms…: or, a mixture of noisome beasts, etcNotea division: Heb. a redemptionNoteto morrow: or, by to morrowNotecorrupted: or, destroyedElse, if thou wilt not let my people go, behold, I will send swarms of flies upon thee, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thy houses: and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of flies, and also the ground whereon they are.And I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there; to the end thou mayest know that I am the LORD in the midst of the earth.And I will put a division between my people and thy people: to morrow shall this sign be.And the LORD did so; and there came a grievous swarm of flies into the house of Pharaoh, and into his servants’ houses, and into all the land of Egypt: the land was corrupted by reason of the swarm of flies.And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and said, Go ye, sacrifice to your God in the land.And Moses said, It is not meet so to do; for we shall sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians to the LORD our God: lo, shall we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, and will they not stone us?We will go three days’ journey into the wilderness, and sacrifice to the LORD our God, as he shall command us.And Pharaoh said, I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the LORD your God in the wilderness; only ye shall not go very far away: intreat for me.And Moses said, Behold, I go out from thee, and I will intreat the LORD that the swarms of flies may depart from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people, to morrow: but let not Pharaoh deal deceitfully any more in not letting the people go to sacrifice to the LORD.And Moses went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD.And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and he removed the swarms of flies from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people; there remained not one.And Pharaoh hardened his heart at this time also, neither would he let the people go.Then the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh, and tell him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me.For if thou refuse to let them go, and wilt hold them still,Behold, the hand of the LORD is upon thy cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep: there shall be a very grievous murrain.And the LORD shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt: and there shall nothing die of all that is the children’s of Israel.And the LORD appointed a set time, saying, To morrow the LORD shall do this thing in the land.And the LORD did that thing on the morrow, and all the cattle of Egypt died: but of the cattle of the children of Israel died not one.And Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was not one of the cattle of the Israelites dead. And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not let the people go.And the LORD said unto Moses and unto Aaron, Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the heaven in the sight of Pharaoh.And it shall become small dust in all the land of Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast, throughout all the land of Egypt.And they took ashes of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it up toward heaven; and it became a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast.And the magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils; for the boil was upon the magicians, and upon all the Egyptians.And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had spoken unto Moses.And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me.Noteraised…: Heb. made thee standNoteregarded…: Heb. set not his heart untoFor I will at this time send all my plagues upon thine heart, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people; that thou mayest know that there is none like me in all the earth.For now I will stretch out my hand, that I may smite thee and thy people with pestilence; and thou shalt be cut off from the earth.And in very deed for this cause have I raised thee up, for to shew in thee my power; and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth.As yet exaltest thou thyself against my people, that thou wilt not let them go?Behold, to morrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since the foundation thereof even until now.Send therefore now, and gather thy cattle, and all that thou hast in the field; for upon every man and beast which shall be found in the field, and shall not be brought home, the hail shall come down upon them, and they shall die.He that feared the word of the LORD among the servants of Pharaoh made his servants and his cattle flee into the houses:And he that regarded not the word of the LORD left his servants and his cattle in the field.And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch forth thine hand toward heaven, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, upon man, and upon beast, and upon every herb of the field, throughout the land of Egypt.And Moses stretched forth his rod toward heaven: and the LORD sent thunder and hail, and the fire ran along upon the ground; and the LORD rained hail upon the land of Egypt.So there was hail, and fire mingled with the hail, very grievous, such as there was none like it in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation.And the hail smote throughout all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and beast; and the hail smote every herb of the field, and brake every tree of the field.Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, was there no hail.And Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said unto them, I have sinned this time: the LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked.Notemighty…: Heb. voices of GodNotenot grown…: Heb. hidden or, darkNoteby Moses: Heb. by the hand of MosesIntreat the LORD (for it is enough) that there be no more mighty thunderings and hail; and I will let you go, and ye shall stay no longer.And Moses said unto him, As soon as I am gone out of the city, I will spread abroad my hands unto the LORD; and the thunder shall cease, neither shall there be any more hail; that thou mayest know how that the earth is the LORD’s.But as for thee and thy servants, I know that ye will not yet fear the LORD God.And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled.But the wheat and the rie were not smitten: for they were not grown up.And Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread abroad his hands unto the LORD: and the thunders and hail ceased, and the rain was not poured upon the earth.And when Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders were ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his servants.And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, neither would he let the children of Israel go; as the LORD had spoken by Moses.And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might shew these my signs before him:Noteface: Heb. eyeNotewho…: Heb. who and who, etcAnd that thou mayest tell in the ears of thy son, and of thy son’s son, what things I have wrought in Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that ye may know how that I am the LORD.And Moses and Aaron came in unto Pharaoh, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, How long wilt thou refuse to humble thyself before me? let my people go, that they may serve me.Else, if thou refuse to let my people go, behold, to morrow will I bring the locusts into thy coast:And they shall cover the face of the earth, that one cannot be able to see the earth: and they shall eat the residue of that which is escaped, which remaineth unto you from the hail, and shall eat every tree which groweth for you out of the field:And they shall fill thy houses, and the houses of all thy servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians; which neither thy fathers, nor thy fathers’ fathers have seen, since the day that they were upon the earth unto this day. And he turned himself, and went out from Pharaoh.And Pharaoh’s servants said unto him, How long shall this man be a snare unto us? let the men go, that they may serve the LORD their God: knowest thou not yet that Egypt is destroyed?And Moses and Aaron were brought again unto Pharaoh: and he said unto them, Go, serve the LORD your God: but who are they that shall go?And Moses said, We will go with our young and with our old, with our sons and with our daughters, with our flocks and with our herds will we go; for we must hold a feast unto the LORD.And he said unto them, Let the LORD be so with you, as I will let you go, and your little ones: look to it; for evil is before you.Not so: go now ye that are men, and serve the LORD; for that ye did desire. And they were driven out from Pharaoh’s presence.And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up upon the land of Egypt, and eat every herb of the land, even all that the hail hath left.And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and the LORD brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all that night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts.And the locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the coasts of Egypt: very grievous were they; before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such.For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left: and there remained not any green thing in the trees, or in the herbs of the field, through all the land of Egypt.Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste; and he said, I have sinned against the LORD your God, and against you.Notecalled: Heb. hastened to callNotecast: Heb. fastenedNow therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and intreat the LORD your God, that he may take away from me this death only.And he went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD.And the LORD turned a mighty strong west wind, which took away the locusts, and cast them into the Red sea; there remained not one locust in all the coasts of Egypt.But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go.And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.Noteeven…: Heb. that one may feel darknessAnd Moses stretched forth his hand toward heaven; and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days:They saw not one another, neither rose any from his place for three days: but all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings.And Pharaoh called unto Moses, and said, Go ye, serve the LORD; only let your flocks and your herds be stayed: let your little ones also go with you.Noteus: Heb. into our handsAnd Moses said, Thou must give us also sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice unto the LORD our God.Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not an hoof be left behind; for thereof must we take to serve the LORD our God; and we know not with what we must serve the LORD, until we come thither.But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not let them go.And Pharaoh said unto him, Get thee from me, take heed to thyself, see my face no more; for in that day thou seest my face thou shalt die.And Moses said, Thou hast spoken well, I will see thy face again no more.And the LORD said unto Moses, Yet will I bring one plague more upon Pharaoh, and upon Egypt; afterwards he will let you go hence: when he shall let you go, he shall surely thrust you out hence altogether.Speak now in the ears of the people, and let every man borrow of his neighbour, and every woman of her neighbour, jewels of silver, and jewels of gold.And the LORD gave the people favour in the sight of the Egyptians. Moreover the man Moses was very great in the land of Egypt, in the sight of Pharaoh’s servants, and in the sight of the people.And Moses said, Thus saith the LORD, About midnight will I go out into the midst of Egypt:Notethat follow…: Heb. that is at thy feetNotea great…: Heb. heat of angerAnd all the firstborn in the land of Egypt shall die, from the firstborn of Pharaoh that sitteth upon his throne, even unto the firstborn of the maidservant that is behind the mill; and all the firstborn of beasts.And there shall be a great cry throughout all the land of Egypt, such as there was none like it, nor shall be like it any more.But against any of the children of Israel shall not a dog move his tongue, against man or beast: that ye may know how that the LORD doth put a difference between the Egyptians and Israel.And all these thy servants shall come down unto me, and bow down themselves unto me, saying, Get thee out, and all the people that follow thee: and after that I will go out. And he went out from Pharaoh in a great anger.And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you; that my wonders may be multiplied in the land of Egypt.And Moses and Aaron did all these wonders before Pharaoh: and the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go out of his land.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PLA001
The Initial Confrontation Between Moses and Pharaoh
L'article examine comment la première confrontation entre Moïse et Pharaon, avant les dix plaies, symbolise un choc de souverainetés entre Yahvé et les divinités égyptiennes. Moïse défie l'autorité de Pharaon, révélant ainsi une lutte pour la reconnaissance divine et posant les bases du jugement à venir. Cette rencontre met en lumière le processus divin de rédemption initié par la parole, et souligne l'asymétrie de la puissance divine face aux prétentions humaines.
Exodus 4.29-31 (King James Version) :And Moses and Aaron went and gathered together all the elders of the children of Israel:And Aaron spake all the words which the LORD had spoken unto Moses, and did the signs in the sight of the people.And the people believed: and when they heard that the LORD had visited the children of Israel, and that he had looked upon their affliction, then they bowed their heads and worshipped.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PLA002
The First Plague: The Water of the Nile Turned to Blood
La première plaie d'Égypte transforme le Nil en sang, marquant une rupture dans l'Exode. Ce signe divin illustre la souveraineté de Dieu, la fragilité des idoles égyptiennes, et appelle à la repentance. Il met en lumière la dynamique de renversement orchestrée par Dieu contre Pharaon et ses croyances.
Exodus 7.14-24 (King James Version) :And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh’s heart is hardened, he refuseth to let the people go.Get thee unto Pharaoh in the morning; lo, he goeth out unto the water; and thou shalt stand by the river’s brink against he come; and the rod which was turned to a serpent shalt thou take in thine hand.And thou shalt say unto him, The LORD God of the Hebrews hath sent me unto thee, saying, Let my people go, that they may serve me in the wilderness: and, behold, hitherto thou wouldest not hear.Thus saith the LORD, In this thou shalt know that I am the LORD: behold, I will smite with the rod that is in mine hand upon the waters which are in the river, and they shall be turned to blood.And the fish that is in the river shall die, and the river shall stink; and the Egyptians shall lothe to drink of the water of the river.And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood, and in vessels of stone.Notepools…: Heb. gathering of their watersAnd Moses and Aaron did so, as the LORD commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river, in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.And the fish that was in the river died; and the river stank, and the Egyptians could not drink of the water of the river; and there was blood throughout all the land of Egypt.And the magicians of Egypt did so with their enchantments: and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, neither did he hearken unto them; as the LORD had said.And Pharaoh turned and went into his house, neither did he set his heart to this also.And all the Egyptians digged round about the river for water to drink; for they could not drink of the water of the river.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PLA003
The Second Plague: The Invasion of the Frogs
L'article analyse la deuxième plaie d'Égypte, l'invasion des grenouilles. Ce signe attaque un symbole religieux égyptien majeur et commence à entamer l'orgueil de Pharaon, illustrant la pédagogie divine et la progression de l'œuvre de libération d'Israël.
Exodus 7.25-29 (King James Version) :And seven days were fulfilled, after that the LORD had smitten the river.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PLA004
The third plague: mosquitoes that emerged from the dust
Cet article explore la troisième plaie d'Égypte, où la poussière se transforme en moustiques, soulignant un tournant stratégique divin sans avertissement préalable à Pharaon, mettant en avant la puissance souveraine de Dieu.
Exodus 8.12-15 (King James Version) :And Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh: and Moses cried unto the LORD because of the frogs which he had brought against Pharaoh.And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and the frogs died out of the houses, out of the villages, and out of the fields.And they gathered them together upon heaps: and the land stank.But when Pharaoh saw that there was respite, he hardened his heart, and hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PLA005
La quatrième plaie : les mouches venimeuses
Cet article traite de la quatrième plaie d'Égypte, les mouches venimeuses, et explore la distinction divine entre Israël et l'Égypte. Dieu protège Israël tandis que Pharaon, inflexible, commence à négocier.
Exodus 8.16-28 (King James Version) :And the LORD said unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt.And they did so; for Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the earth, and it became lice in man, and in beast; all the dust of the land became lice throughout all the land of Egypt.And the magicians did so with their enchantments to bring forth lice, but they could not: so there were lice upon man, and upon beast.Then the magicians said unto Pharaoh, This is the finger of God: and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh; lo, he cometh forth to the water; and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me.Noteswarms…: or, a mixture of noisome beasts, etcNotea division: Heb. a redemptionNoteto morrow: or, by to morrowNotecorrupted: or, destroyedElse, if thou wilt not let my people go, behold, I will send swarms of flies upon thee, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thy houses: and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of flies, and also the ground whereon they are.And I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there; to the end thou mayest know that I am the LORD in the midst of the earth.And I will put a division between my people and thy people: to morrow shall this sign be.And the LORD did so; and there came a grievous swarm of flies into the house of Pharaoh, and into his servants’ houses, and into all the land of Egypt: the land was corrupted by reason of the swarm of flies.And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and said, Go ye, sacrifice to your God in the land.And Moses said, It is not meet so to do; for we shall sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians to the LORD our God: lo, shall we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, and will they not stone us?We will go three days’ journey into the wilderness, and sacrifice to the LORD our God, as he shall command us.And Pharaoh said, I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the LORD your God in the wilderness; only ye shall not go very far away: intreat for me.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PLA006
La cinquième plaie : la mortalité du bétail
La cinquième plaie d'Égypte, abordée dans cet article, démontre la puissance divine par la mortalité du bétail, un pilier de l'économie. Elle souligne la distinction entre Israël et l'Égypte, malgré l'endurcissement de Pharaon. Ce jugement amplifie la démonstration de souveraineté de Dieu, tout en épargnant les troupeaux des Israélites.
Exodus 9.5-7 (King James Version) :And the LORD appointed a set time, saying, To morrow the LORD shall do this thing in the land.And the LORD did that thing on the morrow, and all the cattle of Egypt died: but of the cattle of the children of Israel died not one.And Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was not one of the cattle of the Israelites dead. And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not let the people go.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PLA007
The Sixth Plague: Boils
La sixième plaie d'Égypte marque un tournant majeur dans l'Exode. Dieu frappe directement les Égyptiens avec des ulcères, révélant l'effondrement des pouvoirs égyptiens et illustrant sa fidélité envers les Hébreux. Ce geste symbolique renverse les outils d'oppression en instruments de justice, préparant ainsi la délivrance à venir.
Exodus 9.12 (King James Version) :And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had spoken unto Moses.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
PLA008
La Septième plaie : la grêle mêlée de feu
Cet article explore la septième plaie d'Égypte, la grêle mêlée de feu, soulignant l'escalade du conflit entre Dieu et Pharaon. En décrivant la destruction étendue causée par cette plaie, le texte examine le message divin sur la justice divine et la possibilité de salut. Cette analyse met en lumière les différents comportements des Égyptiens face à cette manifestation de puissance divine.
Exodus 9.31-35 (King James Version) :And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled.But the wheat and the rie were not smitten: for they were not grown up.And Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread abroad his hands unto the LORD: and the thunders and hail ceased, and the rain was not poured upon the earth.And when Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders were ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his servants.And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, neither would he let the children of Israel go; as the LORD had spoken by Moses.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
History of the Bible
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BIB001
Les textes fondateurs de la Bible
L'article traite de la rédaction des cinq premiers livres de la Bible. Il met en lumière la transmission orale, l'écriture et l'intégration de diverses sources littéraires. L'importance de la préservation textuelle à travers les siècles est également abordée, tout comme les motivations historiques des rédacteurs.
Exodus 13.8 (King James Version) :And thou shalt shew thy son in that day, saying, This is done because of that which the LORD did unto me when I came forth out of Egypt.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
BIB003
La Bible Hébraïque
L'article analyse l'évolution et la compilation de la Bible hébraïque, ou Tanakh, en se concentrant sur ses trois sections : la Torah, les Nevi'im et les Ketouvim. Il met en lumière les processus historiques et les décisions académiques ayant mené à sa formation finale.
Contradictions
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CTD072
Word of God or word of Moses?
L'article examine une divergence entre Matthieu et Marc concernant le divorce. Il explique que Jésus s'adresse différemment selon son auditoire : les Juifs, pour qui la loi divine est intrinsèquement liée à Moïse, et les non-Juifs, pour qui la mention directe de Moïse est plus compréhensible. Les deux évangiles sont considérés comme fidèles malgré leur approche distinctive.
Exodus 31.18 (King James Version) :And he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of communing with him upon mount Sinai, two tables of testimony, tables of stone, written with the finger of God.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
Pierre's Ministry
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ADA026
Etienne's Arrest
L'article analyse l'arrestation d'Étienne (Actes 6.8-12) à Jérusalem vers 34-35 ap. J.-C. Bien que désigné parmi les Sept, Étienne exerce un ministère apostolique remarquable. Son témoignage suscite l'opposition de Juifs hellénistes qui, incapables de le réfuter, recourent à de faux témoins pour le faire comparaître devant le Sanhédrin. Luc souligne les parallèles avec le procès de Jésus et l'extension progressive de la persécution à toute l'Église.
Acts 5.17-18 (King James Version) :Then the high priest rose up, and all they that were with him, (which is the sect of the Sadducees,) and were filled with indignation,And laid their hands on the apostles, and put them in the common prison.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
ADA028
Le discours d’Etienne devant le Sanhédrin
Devant le Sanhédrin à Jérusalem vers 34-35 ap. J.-C., Étienne prononce le plus long discours des Actes. En retraçant l'histoire d'Israël depuis Abraham, il montre que les envoyés de Dieu ont toujours été rejetés, culminant dans le rejet du Messie. Loin de se défendre, Étienne devient l'accusateur de ses juges, s'inscrivant dans la lignée des prophètes et du Christ.
Acts 7.1-53 (King James Version) :Then said the high priest, Are these things so?And he said, Men, brethren, and fathers, hearken; The God of glory appeared unto our father Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he dwelt in Charran,And said unto him, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and come into the land which I shall shew thee.Then came he out of the land of the Chaldæans, and dwelt in Charran: and from thence, when his father was dead, he removed him into this land, wherein ye now dwell.And he gave him none inheritance in it, no, not so much as to set his foot on: yet he promised that he would give it to him for a possession, and to his seed after him, when as yet he had no child.And God spake on this wise, That his seed should sojourn in a strange land; and that they should bring them into bondage, and entreat them evil four hundred years.And the nation to whom they shall be in bondage will I judge, said God: and after that shall they come forth, and serve me in this place.And he gave him the covenant of circumcision: and so Abraham begat Isaac, and circumcised him the eighth day; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat the twelve patriarchs.And the patriarchs, moved with envy, sold Joseph into Egypt: but God was with him,And delivered him out of all his afflictions, and gave him favour and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh king of Egypt; and he made him governor over Egypt and all his house.Now there came a dearth over all the land of Egypt and Chanaan, and great affliction: and our fathers found no sustenance.But when Jacob heard that there was corn in Egypt, he sent out our fathers first.And at the second time Joseph was made known to his brethren; and Joseph’s kindred was made known unto Pharaoh.Then sent Joseph, and called his father Jacob to him, and all his kindred, threescore and fifteen souls.So Jacob went down into Egypt, and died, he, and our fathers,And were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Emmor the father of Sychem.But when the time of the promise drew nigh, which God had sworn to Abraham, the people grew and multiplied in Egypt,Till another king arose, which knew not Joseph.The same dealt subtilly with our kindred, and evil entreated our fathers, so that they cast out their young children, to the end they might not live.In which time Moses was born, and was exceeding fair, and nourished up in his father’s house three months:And when he was cast out, Pharaoh’s daughter took him up, and nourished him for her own son.And Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was mighty in words and in deeds.And when he was full forty years old, it came into his heart to visit his brethren the children of Israel.And seeing one of them suffer wrong, he defended him, and avenged him that was oppressed, and smote the Egyptian:For he supposed his brethren would have understood how that God by his hand would deliver them: but they understood not.And the next day he shewed himself unto them as they strove, and would have set them at one again, saying, Sirs, ye are brethren; why do ye wrong one to another?But he that did his neighbour wrong thrust him away, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge over us?Wilt thou kill me, as thou diddest the Egyptian yesterday?Then fled Moses at this saying, and was a stranger in the land of Madian, where he begat two sons.And when forty years were expired, there appeared to him in the wilderness of mount Sina an angel of the Lord in a flame of fire in a bush.When Moses saw it, he wondered at the sight: and as he drew near to behold it, the voice of the Lord came unto him,Saying, I am the God of thy fathers, the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. Then Moses trembled, and durst not behold.Then said the Lord to him, Put off thy shoes from thy feet: for the place where thou standest is holy ground.I have seen, I have seen the affliction of my people which is in Egypt, and I have heard their groaning, and am come down to deliver them. And now come, I will send thee into Egypt.This Moses whom they refused, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge? the same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer by the hand of the angel which appeared to him in the bush.He brought them out, after that he had shewed wonders and signs in the land of Egypt, and in the Red sea, and in the wilderness forty years.This is that Moses, which said unto the children of Israel, A prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me; him shall ye hear.This is he, that was in the church in the wilderness with the angel which spake to him in the mount Sina, and with our fathers: who received the lively oracles to give unto us:To whom our fathers would not obey, but thrust him from them, and in their hearts turned back again into Egypt,Saying unto Aaron, Make us gods to go before us: for as for this Moses, which brought us out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.And they made a calf in those days, and offered sacrifice unto the idol, and rejoiced in the works of their own hands.Then God turned, and gave them up to worship the host of heaven; as it is written in the book of the prophets, O ye house of Israel, have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacrifices by the space of forty years in the wilderness?Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and the star of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to worship them: and I will carry you away beyond Babylon.Our fathers had the tabernacle of witness in the wilderness, as he had appointed, speaking unto Moses, that he should make it according to the fashion that he had seen.Which also our fathers that came after brought in with Jesus into the possession of the Gentiles, whom God drave out before the face of our fathers, unto the days of David;Who found favour before God, and desired to find a tabernacle for the God of Jacob.But Solomon built him an house.Howbeit the most High dwelleth not in temples made with hands; as saith the prophet,Heaven is my throne, and earth is my footstool: what house will ye build me? saith the Lord: or what is the place of my rest?Hath not my hand made all these things?Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, ye do always resist the Holy Ghost: as your fathers did, so do ye.Which of the prophets have not your fathers persecuted? and they have slain them which shewed before of the coming of the Just One; of whom ye have been now the betrayers and murderers:Who have received the law by the disposition of angels, and have not kept it.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
Miracles
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MIR029
The transfiguration
La Transfiguration, relatée dans Matthieu, Marc et Luc, révèle la divinité de Jésus. Il est transfiguré devant Pierre, Jacques et Jean sur une montagne. Moïse et Élie apparaissent, et une voix céleste déclare Jésus comme le Fils bien-aimé. Ces récits soulignent l'importance de Jésus et son enseignement.
Mark 9.2-13 (King James Version) :And after six days Jesus taketh with him Peter, and James, and John, and leadeth them up into an high mountain apart by themselves: and he was transfigured before them.And his raiment became shining, exceeding white as snow; so as no fuller on earth can white them.And there appeared unto them Elias with Moses: and they were talking with Jesus.And Peter answered and said to Jesus, Master, it is good for us to be here: and let us make three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias.For he wist not what to say; for they were sore afraid.And there was a cloud that overshadowed them: and a voice came out of the cloud, saying, This is my beloved Son: hear him.And suddenly, when they had looked round about, they saw no man any more, save Jesus only with themselves.And as they came down from the mountain, he charged them that they should tell no man what things they had seen, till the Son of man were risen from the dead.And they kept that saying with themselves, questioning one with another what the rising from the dead should mean.And they asked him, saying, Why say the scribes that Elias must first come?And he answered and told them, Elias verily cometh first, and restoreth all things; and how it is written of the Son of man, that he must suffer many things, and be set at nought.But I say unto you, That Elias is indeed come, and they have done unto him whatsoever they listed, as it is written of him.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
Historical notes
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INF008
Le code d'Hammourabi
Le Code d'Hammourabi autorisait une femme stérile à proposer sa servante à son mari pour assurer une descendance, l'enfant étant reconnu comme légitime. Cette pratique, répandue dans l'ancien Proche-Orient, n'était pas prescrite dans la Loi de Moïse. Elle éclaire le geste de Sarah proposant Agar à Abraham, un acte culturellement acceptable mais contraire à la promesse divine spécifique faite à Abraham concernant sa descendance.
Genesis 29.31 (King James Version) :And when the LORD saw that Leah was hated, he opened her womb: but Rachel was barren.NoteReuben: that is, See a sonNoteSimeon: that is, HearingNoteLevi: that is, JoinedNoteJudah: that is, PraiseNoteleft…: Heb. stood from bearingKing James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
INF010
The unpronounceable name of God
YHWH, God's proper name in the Hebrew Bible, consists of four Hebrew consonants (the Tetragrammaton). Its exact pronunciation is unknown because ancient Hebrew does not write vowels. Out of respect for the third commandment (Ex 20:7), Jews replace it with 'Adonai' or 'Ha Elohim'. Translated as 'Kyrios' in Greek and then as 'the Eternal' in Protestant Bibles, this name appears nearly 6,800 times in the Old Testament.
Exodus 20.7 (King James Version) :Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
INF011
The land of Canaan
The land of Canaan, corresponding to present-day Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and parts of Jordan and Syria, is described in the Bible as 'the most beautiful of all lands'. Inhabited by the Canaanites, Amorites, Hittites and Philistines, it is the land promised to the Hebrew people. Two stages, separated by 470 years, mark its conquest: Abraham's arrival, followed by Joshua's conquest after captivity in Egypt and wandering in the wilderness.
Ezekiel 20.6 (King James Version) :In the day that I lifted up mine hand unto them, to bring them forth of the land of Egypt into a land that I had espied for them, flowing with milk and honey, which is the glory of all lands:King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
INF031
La Torah
La Torah, texte sacré du judaïsme, se compose des cinq premiers livres de la Bible hébraïque et est essentielle à la foi et à la morale juives. Elle est lue régulièrement en synagogue et a généré une riche tradition littéraire rabbinique.
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INF032
Le Pentateuque
Le Pentateuque, composé des cinq premiers livres bibliques, est essentiel pour les traditions juives et chrétiennes. Il raconte la création, la libération des Hébreux avec Moïse, et contient lois et récits fondateurs.
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INF034
Exemples de source Jahviste
L'article décrit des passages du Pentateuque attribués à la source Jahviste, laquelle se distingue par l'usage du nom divin Yahvé et des descriptions anthropomorphiques de Dieu. Exemples notables: la création, la chute, Caïn et Abel, et l'appel de Moïse. Ces passages montrent les caractéristiques distinctes de la source Jahviste.
Genesis 4.1-16 (King James Version) :And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the LORD.NoteCain: that is, Gotten, or, AcquiredNoteAbel: Heb. HebelNotea keeper: Heb. a feederAnd she again bare his brother Abel. And Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground.And in process of time it came to pass, that Cain brought of the fruit of the ground an offering unto the LORD.Notein process…: Heb. at the end of daysNoteflock: Heb. sheep, or, goatsAnd Abel, he also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of the fat thereof. And the LORD had respect unto Abel and to his offering:But unto Cain and to his offering he had not respect. And Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell.And the LORD said unto Cain, Why art thou wroth? and why is thy countenance fallen?Notebe accepted: or, have the excellencyNoteunto…: or, subject unto theeIf thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted? and if thou doest not well, sin lieth at the door. And unto thee shall be his desire, and thou shalt rule over him.And Cain talked with Abel his brother: and it came to pass, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him.And the LORD said unto Cain, Where is Abel thy brother? And he said, I know not: Am I my brother’s keeper?Noteblood: Heb. bloodsAnd he said, What hast thou done? the voice of thy brother’s blood crieth unto me from the ground.And now art thou cursed from the earth, which hath opened her mouth to receive thy brother’s blood from thy hand;When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength; a fugitive and a vagabond shalt thou be in the earth.And Cain said unto the LORD, My punishment is greater than I can bear.NoteMy…: or, Mine iniquity is greater than that it may be forgivenBehold, thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the earth; and from thy face shall I be hid; and I shall be a fugitive and a vagabond in the earth; and it shall come to pass, that every one that findeth me shall slay me.And the LORD said unto him, Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold. And the LORD set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him.And Cain went out from the presence of the LORD, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden.NoteEnoch: Heb. ChanochNoteLamech: Heb. LemechKing James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
INF035
Exemples de source Elohiste
L'article examine les passages bibliques souvent attribués à la source Elohiste, laquelle utilise le nom divin Elohim et présente Dieu apparaissant dans des rêves. Il aborde des récits comme ceux d'Abraham, Ismaël, Isaac, Jacob, et Moïse, détaillant leurs éléments distinctifs.
Genesis 22.1-19 (King James Version) :And it came to pass after these things, that God did tempt Abraham, and said unto him, Abraham: and he said, Behold, here I am.NoteBehold…: Heb. Behold meAnd he said, Take now thy son, thine only son Isaac, whom thou lovest, and get thee into the land of Moriah; and offer him there for a burnt offering upon one of the mountains which I will tell thee of.And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and saddled his ass, and took two of his young men with him, and Isaac his son, and clave the wood for the burnt offering, and rose up, and went unto the place of which God had told him.Notelamb: or, kidThen on the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes, and saw the place afar off.And Abraham said unto his young men, Abide ye here with the ass; and I and the lad will go yonder and worship, and come again to you.And Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering, and laid it upon Isaac his son; and he took the fire in his hand, and a knife; and they went both of them together.And Isaac spake unto Abraham his father, and said, My father: and he said, Here am I, my son. And he said, Behold the fire and the wood: but where is the lamb for a burnt offering?And Abraham said, My son, God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt offering: so they went both of them together.And they came to the place which God had told him of; and Abraham built an altar there, and laid the wood in order, and bound Isaac his son, and laid him on the altar upon the wood.And Abraham stretched forth his hand, and took the knife to slay his son.And the angel of the LORD called unto him out of heaven, and said, Abraham, Abraham: and he said, Here am I.NoteJehovah-jireh: that is, The Lord will see, or, provideAnd he said, Lay not thine hand upon the lad, neither do thou any thing unto him: for now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son from me.And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold behind him a ram caught in a thicket by his horns: and Abraham went and took the ram, and offered him up for a burnt offering in the stead of his son.And Abraham called the name of that place Jehovah-jireh: as it is said to this day, In the mount of the LORD it shall be seen.And the angel of the LORD called unto Abraham out of heaven the second time,Noteshore: Heb. lipAnd said, By myself have I sworn, saith the LORD, for because thou hast done this thing, and hast not withheld thy son, thine only son:That in blessing I will bless thee, and in multiplying I will multiply thy seed as the stars of the heaven, and as the sand which is upon the sea shore; and thy seed shall possess the gate of his enemies;And in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed; because thou hast obeyed my voice.So Abraham returned unto his young men, and they rose up and went together to Beer-sheba; and Abraham dwelt at Beer-sheba.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
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Exemples de source Deutéronomiste
Cet article examine la source Deutéronomiste, soulignant son rôle et son influence dans la Bible hébraïque à travers le Deutéronome et d'autres livres historiques tels que Josué, Juges, Samuel et Rois. Misant sur des thèmes de loi, d'alliance et de culte centralisé, il explore la théologie deutéronomiste et ses implications pour Israël.
Deuteronomy 12.1-14 (King James Version) :These are the statutes and judgments, which ye shall observe to do in the land, which the LORD God of thy fathers giveth thee to possess it, all the days that ye live upon the earth.Notepossess: or, inheritNoteoverthrow: Heb. break downYe shall utterly destroy all the places, wherein the nations which ye shall possess served their gods, upon the high mountains, and upon the hills, and under every green tree:And ye shall overthrow their altars, and break their pillars, and burn their groves with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their gods, and destroy the names of them out of that place.Ye shall not do so unto the LORD your God.But unto the place which the LORD your God shall choose out of all your tribes to put his name there, even unto his habitation shall ye seek, and thither thou shalt come:Noteyour choice…: Heb. the choice of your vowsAnd thither ye shall bring your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, and your tithes, and heave offerings of your hand, and your vows, and your freewill offerings, and the firstlings of your herds and of your flocks:And there ye shall eat before the LORD your God, and ye shall rejoice in all that ye put your hand unto, ye and your households, wherein the LORD thy God hath blessed thee.Ye shall not do after all the things that we do here this day, every man whatsoever is right in his own eyes.For ye are not as yet come to the rest and to the inheritance, which the LORD your God giveth you.But when ye go over Jordan, and dwell in the land which the LORD your God giveth you to inherit, and when he giveth you rest from all your enemies round about, so that ye dwell in safety;Then there shall be a place which the LORD your God shall choose to cause his name to dwell there; thither shall ye bring all that I command you; your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, your tithes, and the heave offering of your hand, and all your choice vows which ye vow unto the LORD:And ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God, ye, and your sons, and your daughters, and your menservants, and your maidservants, and the Levite that is within your gates; forasmuch as he hath no part nor inheritance with you.Take heed to thyself that thou offer not thy burnt offerings in every place that thou seest:But in the place which the LORD shall choose in one of thy tribes, there thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, and there thou shalt do all that I command thee.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
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La source Jahviste
La source Jahviste (J) est une source hypothétique de la Torah identifiée par l'hypothèse documentaire du XIXe siècle. Nommée d'après l'usage du nom divin YHWH, elle se caractérise par un style anthropomorphique et narratif. Associée à des textes comme la création (Gn 2) et la chute (Gn 3), sa datation reste débattue. Aujourd'hui, sa validité est remise en question par les exégètes contemporains.
Genesis 2.4-25 (King James Version) :These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens,Notethere…: or, a mist which went up from, etc.Noteof the dust…: Heb. dust of the groundAnd every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the LORD God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground.But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground.And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed.NoteEthiopia: Heb. CushNotetoward…: or, eastward to AssyriaNotethe man: or, AdamAnd out of the ground made the LORD God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil.And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads.The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia.And the name of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates.And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat:Notethou…: Heb. eating thou shalt eatNotethou shalt surely…: Heb. dying thou shalt dieBut of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him.Notemeet…: Heb. as before himNoteAdam: or, the manNotegave: Heb. calledAnd out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof;Notemade: Heb. buildedNoteWoman: Heb. IshaNoteMan: Heb. IshAnd the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
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La source Deutéronomiste
La source Deutéronomiste (D) est l'une des quatre sources hypothétiques de la Torah selon l'hypothèse documentaire. Associée au Livre du Deutéronome, elle se distingue par un style homilétique, une théologie de l'alliance et une insistance sur la centralisation du culte à Jérusalem. Datée du VIIe siècle avant J.-C., elle est liée aux réformes religieuses du roi Josias et influence également les livres historiques de Josué à 2 Rois.
2 Kings 22-23 (King James Version) :Josiah was eight years old when he began to reign, and he reigned thirty and one years in Jerusalem. And his mother’s name was Jedidah, the daughter of Adaiah of Boscath.And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, and walked in all the way of David his father, and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left.And it came to pass in the eighteenth year of king Josiah, that the king sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, the son of Meshullam, the scribe, to the house of the LORD, saying,Notedoor: Heb. thresholdGo up to Hilkiah the high priest, that he may sum the silver which is brought into the house of the LORD, which the keepers of the door have gathered of the people:And let them deliver it into the hand of the doers of the work, that have the oversight of the house of the LORD: and let them give it to the doers of the work which is in the house of the LORD, to repair the breaches of the house,Unto carpenters, and builders, and masons, and to buy timber and hewn stone to repair the house.Howbeit there was no reckoning made with them of the money that was delivered into their hand, because they dealt faithfully.And Hilkiah the high priest said unto Shaphan the scribe, I have found the book of the law in the house of the LORD. And Hilkiah gave the book to Shaphan, and he read it.Notegathered: Heb. meltedAnd Shaphan the scribe came to the king, and brought the king word again, and said, Thy servants have gathered the money that was found in the house, and have delivered it into the hand of them that do the work, that have the oversight of the house of the LORD.And Shaphan the scribe shewed the king, saying, Hilkiah the priest hath delivered me a book. And Shaphan read it before the king.And it came to pass, when the king had heard the words of the book of the law, that he rent his clothes.NoteAchbor: or, AbdonNoteMichaiah: or, MicahNotewardrobe: Heb. garmentsNotein the…: or, in the second partAnd the king commanded Hilkiah the priest, and Ahikam the son of Shaphan, and Achbor the son of Michaiah, and Shaphan the scribe, and Asahiah a servant of the king’s, saying,Go ye, enquire of the LORD for me, and for the people, and for all Judah, concerning the words of this book that is found: for great is the wrath of the LORD that is kindled against us, because our fathers have not hearkened unto the words of this book, to do according unto all that which is written concerning us.So Hilkiah the priest, and Ahikam, and Achbor, and Shaphan, and Asahiah, went unto Huldah the prophetess, the wife of Shallum the son of Tikvah, the son of Harhas, keeper of the wardrobe; (now she dwelt in Jerusalem in the college;) and they communed with her.And she said unto them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Tell the man that sent you to me,Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will bring evil upon this place, and upon the inhabitants thereof, even all the words of the book which the king of Judah hath read:Because they have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, that they might provoke me to anger with all the works of their hands; therefore my wrath shall be kindled against this place, and shall not be quenched.But to the king of Judah which sent you to enquire of the LORD, thus shall ye say to him, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, As touching the words which thou hast heard;Because thine heart was tender, and thou hast humbled thyself before the LORD, when thou heardest what I spake against this place, and against the inhabitants thereof, that they should become a desolation and a curse, and hast rent thy clothes, and wept before me; I also have heard thee, saith the LORD.Behold therefore, I will gather thee unto thy fathers, and thou shalt be gathered into thy grave in peace; and thine eyes shall not see all the evil which I will bring upon this place. And they brought the king word again.And the king sent, and they gathered unto him all the elders of Judah and of Jerusalem.Noteboth…: Heb. from small even unto greatAnd the king went up into the house of the LORD, and all the men of Judah and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem with him, and the priests, and the prophets, and all the people, both small and great: and he read in their ears all the words of the book of the covenant which was found in the house of the LORD.And the king stood by a pillar, and made a covenant before the LORD, to walk after the LORD, and to keep his commandments and his testimonies and his statutes with all their heart and all their soul, to perform the words of this covenant that were written in this book. And all the people stood to the covenant.And the king commanded Hilkiah the high priest, and the priests of the second order, and the keepers of the door, to bring forth out of the temple of the LORD all the vessels that were made for Baal, and for the grove, and for all the host of heaven: and he burned them without Jerusalem in the fields of Kidron, and carried the ashes of them unto Beth-el.Noteput…: Heb. caused to ceaseNoteidolatrous…: Heb. ChemarimNoteplanets: or, twelve signs or, constellationsNotehangings: Heb. housesNotechamberlain: or, eunuch, or, officerNotebrake…: or, ran from thenceNotethe mount…: that is, the mount of OlivesNoteimages: Heb. statuesAnd he put down the idolatrous priests, whom the kings of Judah had ordained to burn incense in the high places in the cities of Judah, and in the places round about Jerusalem; them also that burned incense unto Baal, to the sun, and to the moon, and to the planets, and to all the host of heaven.And he brought out the grove from the house of the LORD, without Jerusalem, unto the brook Kidron, and burned it at the brook Kidron, and stamped it small to powder, and cast the powder thereof upon the graves of the children of the people.And he brake down the houses of the sodomites, that were by the house of the LORD, where the women wove hangings for the grove.And he brought all the priests out of the cities of Judah, and defiled the high places where the priests had burned incense, from Geba to Beer-sheba, and brake down the high places of the gates that were in the entering in of the gate of Joshua the governor of the city, which were on a man’s left hand at the gate of the city.Nevertheless the priests of the high places came not up to the altar of the LORD in Jerusalem, but they did eat of the unleavened bread among their brethren.And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the children of Hinnom, that no man might make his son or his daughter to pass through the fire to Molech.And he took away the horses that the kings of Judah had given to the sun, at the entering in of the house of the LORD, by the chamber of Nathan-melech the chamberlain, which was in the suburbs, and burned the chariots of the sun with fire.And the altars that were on the top of the upper chamber of Ahaz, which the kings of Judah had made, and the altars which Manasseh had made in the two courts of the house of the LORD, did the king beat down, and brake them down from thence, and cast the dust of them into the brook Kidron.And the high places that were before Jerusalem, which were on the right hand of the mount of corruption, which Solomon the king of Israel had builded for Ashtoreth the abomination of the Zidonians, and for Chemosh the abomination of the Moabites, and for Milcom the abomination of the children of Ammon, did the king defile.And he brake in pieces the images, and cut down the groves, and filled their places with the bones of men.Moreover the altar that was at Beth-el, and the high place which Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin, had made, both that altar and the high place he brake down, and burned the high place, and stamped it small to powder, and burned the grove.Notebones alone: Heb. bones to escapeNoteslew: or, sacrificedAnd as Josiah turned himself, he spied the sepulchres that were there in the mount, and sent, and took the bones out of the sepulchres, and burned them upon the altar, and polluted it, according to the word of the LORD which the man of God proclaimed, who proclaimed these words.Then he said, What title is that that I see? And the men of the city told him, It is the sepulchre of the man of God, which came from Judah, and proclaimed these things that thou hast done against the altar of Beth-el.And he said, Let him alone; let no man move his bones. So they let his bones alone, with the bones of the prophet that came out of Samaria.And all the houses also of the high places that were in the cities of Samaria, which the kings of Israel had made to provoke the Lord to anger, Josiah took away, and did to them according to all the acts that he had done in Beth-el.And he slew all the priests of the high places that were there upon the altars, and burned men’s bones upon them, and returned to Jerusalem.And the king commanded all the people, saying, Keep the passover unto the LORD your God, as it is written in the book of this covenant.Surely there was not holden such a passover from the days of the judges that judged Israel, nor in all the days of the kings of Israel, nor of the kings of Judah;But in the eighteenth year of king Josiah, wherein this passover was holden to the LORD in Jerusalem.Moreover the workers with familiar spirits, and the wizards, and the images, and the idols, and all the abominations that were spied in the land of Judah and in Jerusalem, did Josiah put away, that he might perform the words of the law which were written in the book that Hilkiah the priest found in the house of the LORD.Noteimages: or, teraphimAnd like unto him was there no king before him, that turned to the LORD with all his heart, and with all his soul, and with all his might, according to all the law of Moses; neither after him arose there any like him.Notwithstanding the LORD turned not from the fierceness of his great wrath, wherewith his anger was kindled against Judah, because of all the provocations that Manasseh had provoked him withal.Noteprovocations: Heb. angersAnd the LORD said, I will remove Judah also out of my sight, as I have removed Israel, and will cast off this city Jerusalem which I have chosen, and the house of which I said, My name shall be there.Now the rest of the acts of Josiah, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?In his days Pharaoh-nechoh king of Egypt went up against the king of Assyria to the river Euphrates: and king Josiah went against him; and he slew him at Megiddo, when he had seen him.And his servants carried him in a chariot dead from Megiddo, and brought him to Jerusalem, and buried him in his own sepulchre. And the people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah, and anointed him, and made him king in his father’s stead.Jehoahaz was twenty and three years old when he began to reign; and he reigned three months in Jerusalem. And his mother’s name was Hamutal, the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah.NoteJehoahaz: also called, ShallumNotethat…: or, because he reignedNoteput the…: Heb. set a fine upon the landAnd he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, according to all that his fathers had done.And Pharaoh-nechoh put him in bands at Riblah in the land of Hamath, that he might not reign in Jerusalem; and put the land to a tribute of an hundred talents of silver, and a talent of gold.And Pharaoh-nechoh made Eliakim the son of Josiah king in the room of Josiah his father, and turned his name to Jehoiakim, and took Jehoahaz away: and he came to Egypt, and died there.And Jehoiakim gave the silver and the gold to Pharaoh; but he taxed the land to give the money according to the commandment of Pharaoh: he exacted the silver and the gold of the people of the land, of every one according to his taxation, to give it unto Pharaoh-nechoh.Jehoiakim was twenty and five years old when he began to reign; and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem. And his mother’s name was Zebudah, the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah.And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, according to all that his fathers had done.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
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Le Tanakh
Le Tanakh est le canon des Écritures sacrées du judaïsme, correspondant à l'Ancien Testament chrétien. Son nom est un acronyme formé des trois sections : Torah (Pentateuque), Nevi'im (Prophètes) et Ketouvim (Écrits). Rédigé principalement en hébreu avec quelques passages en araméen, il constitue le fondement théologique, moral et liturgique du judaïsme et les racines communes des traditions juive et chrétienne.
Lamentations 1.1 (King James Version) :How doth the city sit solitary, that was full of people! how is she become as a widow! she that was great among the nations, and princess among the provinces, how is she become tributary!Notebecause of great…: Heb. for the greatness of servitudeNotepleasant: or, desirableNoteis…: Heb. is become a removing, or, wanderingNotepleasant: or, desirableNoteto…: or, to make the soul to come againKing James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
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Différence Tanakh, Torah et Bible hébraïque
Cet article clarifie la distinction entre trois termes liés aux Écritures hébraïques : le Tanakh désigne l'ensemble du canon juif (Torah, Nevi'im, Ketouvim) ; la Torah en est la première section, composée des cinq livres de Moïse (Pentateuque) ; la Bible hébraïque est simplement un autre nom pour le Tanakh. La Torah fait partie du Tanakh, et Bible hébraïque et Tanakh sont synonymes.
Further reading
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ANN024
The Sabbath
L'article examine l'origine et l'importance du sabbat, un des dix commandements, comme un jour de repos et de culte dans la tradition juive, basé…
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ANN128
The Servant in the Bible: From the Servant of the LORD to the Foot Washing
L'article explore la notion biblique du serviteur, illustrée par Jésus à travers le lavement des pieds, un geste symbolique de service et de dévotion…