This study is one of the elements of our research devoted to establishing a chronology of the life of Jesus the Messiah on the basis of Daniel’s prophecy of the seventy weeks (Daniel 9.24-27). It should be understood in connection with the other studies in this series, each of which contributes complementary historical, calendrical and biblical data. Together, these works form a coherent analysis aimed at reconstructing, as precisely as possible, the sequence of events reported in the Gospels.
The historian generally works from established facts in order to draw conclusions. In this study, the approach is different: the biblical Scriptures provide a chronological framework that we seek to compare with the available historical data.
It should be recalled that before the end of the nineteenth century, the Christian tradition often placed the birth of Jesus the Messiah between 3 and 1 BC. Consequently, the death of King Herod was naturally placed after that period, generally around 1 BC. This early dating was not the result of a detailed critical analysis of the writings of Flavius Josephus, but neither was it seriously called into question.
The situation changed with the work of the German theologian Emil Schürer, who published in 1890 his work History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ. By reinterpreting the information handed down by Flavius Josephus, Schürer proposed to fix Herod’s death in 4 BC. This chronological reconstruction, gradually adopted by a large part of the academic world, rests mainly on the identification of a lunar eclipse mentioned by Josephus.
However, it is important to stress that this dating is not an absolutely demonstrated historical fact. It rests on an interpretation of ancient sources, which at times remain imprecise and open to different readings. Several scholars have therefore proposed another hypothesis placing Herod’s death in 1 BC, notably because of another lunar eclipse that may correspond to Josephus’ account.
Several questions therefore legitimately arise:
- Why do most historians today accept the year 4 BC?
- Does this date rest on historical certainty or on a hypothetical reconstruction?
- Is an alternative dating of 1 BC still historically conceivable?
- Why does this debate have particular importance in the study of the chronology of the life of Jesus the Messiah?
These questions are essential, because the date accepted for Herod’s death directly influences the chronology of Jesus’ birth, then that of his public ministry, and consequently the interpretation of several major biblical texts, notably the indications of Luke (Luke 3.1-23) and the prophecy of Daniel’s seventy weeks (Daniel 9.24-27).
The aim of this study is therefore not to rewrite history or to impose a conclusion artificially, but to examine carefully the various hypotheses proposed by historians, in order to determine whether a death of Herod in 1 BC can be considered historically plausible and consistent with the biblical data.