The Romans
In 63 BC the Roman general Pompey invaded the territory of Israel and took Jerusalem. In 45 BC, thanks to Julius Caesar, Judaism became a legal religion.
Five years later, in 40 BC, Emperor Augustus put an end to the Hasmonean dynasty and appointed Herod the Great, an Idumean and therefore not of royal descent, king of the Jews.
A few years after the death of Herod the Great, in AD 6, Rome changed the status of Judea, together with Samaria and Idumea (the biblical Edom), turning them into Roman provinces placed under the responsibility of Roman procurators.
The sons of King Herod were promoted by the Roman authority to the rank of tetrarchs and governed these various provinces under the aegis of the procurators.
So during the ministry of the Messiah Jesus, a prefect, Pontius Pilate, and a tetrarch, Herod Antipas, shared power. The two men hated each other until the day of the condemnation of the Messiah Jesus (Luke 23.12).
Forty years after the crucifixion of the Messiah Jesus, the Jewish uprising, which began in AD 66, was crushed. Titus destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem in AD 70, and it all ended with the fall of Masada on May 2, AD 73.
Other revolts followed until AD 135.
In AD 130, Emperor Hadrian once again changed the status of the land of Israel by founding a new Roman colony; the name of Jerusalem was replaced by Aelia Capitolina.
The Messiah Jesus carried out His ministry in a territory occupied by the Romans, with a governor appointed by Rome.
At this point in history, three men therefore shared the leadership of the land of Israel:
Pontius Pilate, the Roman prefect, held all powers, particularly over Judea.
Herod Antipas ruled over Galilee and Perea.
The High Priest, Caiaphas, was responsible for religious matters.
