Martin Luther’s 95 theses are a list of propositions written in 1517 by Luther, then a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg. They are also known by the title “Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum”. Here are some key points about the 95 theses:
Context: Luther wrote the 95 theses in response to the Catholic Church’s sale of indulgences, a practice he considered corrupt and abusive. Indulgences were certificates supposedly reducing temporal punishment in purgatory for sins.
Content: The theses primarily criticise the sale of indulgences and argue that the repentance required by Christ involves inward spiritual repentance rather than merely outward sacramental confession. Luther also asserted that the Pope could forgive sins only if God had already done so.
Publication: Luther sent the 95 theses to Archbishop Albert of Mainz on 31 October 1517, a date commemorated annually as Reformation Day. He is also said to have posted the theses on the door of St Mary’s Church in Wittenberg.
Impact: The 95 theses were quickly printed, translated and circulated throughout Germany and Europe, sparking a series of debates and pamphlets that contributed to the .
The Church’s response: In response to Luther’s theses, Pope Leo X issued the bull Exsurge Domine in 1520, threatening Luther with excommunication if he did not recant. Luther publicly burned this bull, leading to his official excommunication in 15212.
Luther’s 95 theses are regarded as the starting point of the , marking a major turning point in the history of Christianity.