ANX007

Daniel 1 and Daniel 12: From Exile to Final Hope

The first and last chapters of Daniel form the two ends of a remarkable journey. Daniel 1 presents a young Judean torn from his country and taken to Babylon; Daniel 12 ends with a personal promise addressed to Daniel at the end of his life. Without imposing on the book an overall chiasm that cannot be demonstrated as solidly as that of Daniel 2–7, this correspondence brings out a fundamental progression: from exile toward inheritance, from the domination of kingdoms toward their surpassing, and from the threat of death toward the hope of resurrection.

17 min 12 verses 1 book

1. Two ends of the book

Daniel 1 and Daniel 12 belong to very different contexts.

Daniel 1 tells of the arrival of Daniel and his companions in the Babylonian world.

Daniel 12 belongs to the last great revelation received by the prophet.

Yet bringing them together reveals a particularly significant progression.

At the beginning of the book, Daniel loses his country, his way of life, and probably a large part of the future as he might have imagined it.

At the end, he receives this promise:

“And you, go your way to the end; you will rest, and you will stand in your allotted place at the end of the days” (Daniel 12.13).

Between these two texts almost an entire life unfolds.

2. Daniel 1 begins with a defeat

The book opens with Jerusalem under siege:

“Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came against Jerusalem and besieged it” (Daniel 1.1).

This first scene is one of political upheaval.

Judah finds itself subject to a foreign power.

Objects from the Temple are carried off to the land of Shinar.

Young Judeans are brought into the setting of the Babylonian court.

Everything seems to begin with the victory of Babylon.

3. A theological clarification from the very beginning

Daniel 1.2 nevertheless immediately changes how the event is read:

“The Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand.”

The text does not deny the Babylonian victory.

It interprets it.

Nebuchadnezzar really does act, but he is not presented as the ultimate master of events.

From the second verse, this statement introduces the theme that will run through the whole book:

the visible sovereignty of the empires does not abolish the sovereignty of God.

4. Daniel enters a world he does not control

Daniel chooses neither the exile nor the setting in which he must now live.

He must learn “the literature and language of the Chaldeans” (Daniel 1.4).

He receives a name tied to his new surroundings.

Food from the royal table is assigned to him.

His training is decided by the Babylonian administration.

The first chapter therefore presents a young man placed in a situation in which he controls almost no external element.

The question then becomes: what is actually still possible for him to decide?

5. Faithfulness as the first response

Daniel 1.8 gives the answer:

“Daniel resolved not to defile himself.”

The text thus moves from what Daniel undergoes to what he decides.

He does not control the empire.

He does not control his displacement.

He does not control the court’s policy on training.

But he remains responsible for his faithfulness.

This principle, announced from Daniel 1, will be illustrated in different ways in the following chapters.

6. From Daniel 1 to Daniel 3: faithfulness confronted with worship

Daniel 3 develops this question with Daniel’s three companions.

The conflict is no longer only about integration into the court.

It directly concerns worship.

Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refuse to bow down before the statue despite the threat of the furnace.

The principle introduced in Daniel 1 thus becomes more radical:

faithfulness may require accepting the consequences of a refusal.

7. From Daniel 1 to Daniel 6: faithfulness become a way of life

Daniel 6 finds Daniel again much later in his life.

A new power now rules.

Yet when the decree temporarily forbids petitions addressed to anyone other than the king, Daniel keeps on praying:

“as he had done before” (Daniel 6.9).

This expression is important.

Faithfulness does not appear as an exceptional reaction produced by the crisis.

It has become a way of life.

The young man who had “resolved” to remain faithful in Daniel 1 has become the aged man who continues his usual practice despite the threat.

8. Daniel 1.21: a sentence that anticipates a whole history

Daniel 1 ends with a very brief note:

“And Daniel continued until the first year of King Cyrus” (Daniel 1.21).

This sentence carries considerable weight when read in the light of the whole book.

Daniel arrives under Babylonian domination.

But he remains until the time of Cyrus.

The empire that seemed all-powerful at the beginning of the book will therefore not outlast the person it had carried into captivity.

Daniel 1.21 thus announces, even before the great visions, that the political order presented at the beginning is not final.

9. Kingdoms pass by around Daniel

Between Daniel 1 and Daniel 12, several rulers appear.

Nebuchadnezzar rules.

Then his reign comes to an end.

Other rulers succeed him.

Belshazzar falls.

Babylon disappears as the dominant power.

A new authority takes hold.

Cyrus finally appears in the book’s chronological notes.

Daniel, for his part, passes through these changes.

This longevity gives concrete form to one of the messages of the visions:

kingdoms are temporary.

10. From Daniel’s survival to the destiny of empires

Daniel 1.21 shows Daniel outliving Babylon.

Daniel 2 then widens the perspective and announces a succession of kingdoms.

Daniel 7 takes up this succession again.

Daniel 8 identifies certain powers.

Daniel 11 develops at length the conflicts between rulers.

Daniel’s individual journey and the visions concerning the empires therefore answer one another.

What Daniel experiences on the scale of a lifetime, the prophecies present on the scale of history:

no human power is permanent.

11. Daniel 12 goes beyond a mere political succession

If the book ended only with the fall of one empire and the rise of another, its message would remain essentially political.

Daniel 12 goes much further.

The chapter announces:

"Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake" (Daniel 12.2).

The final hope therefore does not consist merely in replacing a bad kingdom with a better human kingdom.

The perspective reaches resurrection.

Death itself is placed within the horizon of hope.

12. From the threat of death to resurrection

Death is already present in various forms in the narratives.

Daniel and the wise men are threatened in Daniel 2.

The three Judeans are thrown into the furnace in Daniel 3.

Belshazzar dies in Daniel 5.

Daniel is thrown into the lions’ den in Daniel 6.

In these accounts, several servants of God experience deliverances that allow them to go on living.

Daniel 12, however, introduces a different hope.

It is no longer only a matter of being delivered from death.

It is a matter of rising after death.

This difference marks a major widening of perspective.

13. Narrative deliverances and final hope

The deliverances of Daniel 3 and Daniel 6 must therefore not be confused with the resurrection of Daniel 12.

In the furnace and in the lions’ den, death is avoided.

In Daniel 12, death has really taken place, since those who awake “sleep in the dust of the earth.”

The movement of the book can thus be formulated:

deliverance in the midst of trial → deliverance in the face of death → resurrection beyond death.

Hope widens progressively.

14. Yet Daniel himself must die

The last word addressed to Daniel is remarkable because it does not promise him that he will escape death indefinitely.

“But as for you, go your way to the end” (Daniel 12.13).

After the extraordinary deliverances recounted in the book, Daniel too must come to the end of his life.

Faithfulness therefore does not mean the absence of death.

But the sentence continues:

“you will rest.”

Then:

“you will stand in your inheritance at the end of the days.”

Death is thus acknowledged without being the last word.

15. From forced displacement to inheritance

The correspondence between the beginning and the end of the book becomes particularly strong here.

Daniel 1 presents a man deprived of his land and carried off to a foreign country.

Daniel 12 finally announces to him an “inheritance.”

The word carries particular significance in this trajectory.

At the beginning:

Daniel is displaced.

At the end:

an inheritance is promised to him.

At the beginning:

he enters exile.

At the end:

he enters into rest while awaiting the fulfillment.

At the beginning:

his future seems determined by Babylon.

At the end:

his future goes beyond all the kingdoms he has known.

16. From the young Daniel to the aged Daniel

On the chronological hypothesis adopted in this study, Daniel would be about fourteen years old at his deportation in 605 BC.

He would be over eighty at the time of his last visions.

This estimate remains a reconstruction.

It nevertheless allows us to perceive the narrative dimension of the book.

Daniel is not merely the character of several independent episodes.

The book accompanies a man from his youth to an advanced age.

His life thus becomes itself a guiding thread through the different historical periods he passes through.

17. A faithfulness that spans an entire life

This perspective makes it possible to link several passages.

Daniel 1 presents a decision of faithfulness at the beginning of his journey.

Daniel 2 shows Daniel praying with his companions.

Daniel 5 still presents him as the one in whom a particular wisdom is recognized.

Daniel 6 shows a regular practice of prayer.

Daniel 9 contains one of the great prayers of the book.

Daniel 10 presents an aged Daniel still deeply engaged in seeking and receiving revelation.

Daniel’s faithfulness is therefore not merely spectacular.

It is enduring.

18. A progression from personal history to universal hope

The movement between Daniel 1 and Daniel 12 nevertheless goes beyond the prophet’s biography alone.

The book starts from a particular event:

a young Judean is taken to Babylon.

It gradually leads toward universal questions:

What becomes of the kingdoms?

How far can persecution go?

Who finally exercises judgment?

What is the outcome of history?

What becomes of man after death?

Daniel’s personal story thus opens onto a much broader vision of human history.

19. Should we speak of a literary inclusio?

The connection between Daniel 1 and Daniel 12 is real and theologically significant.

It is nevertheless fitting to remain precise in how it is characterized.

The concentric structure of Daniel 2–7 rests on particularly strong and well-organized correspondences.

For Daniel 1 and Daniel 12, it is more prudent to speak of a narrative and theological correspondence between the opening and the conclusion of the book.

The existence of this relationship does not require asserting that the twelve chapters as a whole would form a vast .

This distinction avoids turning a pertinent observation into a literary structure more precise than the data allow us to demonstrate.

20. Table of the progression between Daniel 1 and Daniel 12

Daniel 1Development in the bookDaniel 12
Jerusalem defeatedSuccession of kingdomsThe kingdoms are not the final horizon
Daniel led into exileDaniel passes through several regimesPromise of an inheritance
Young man exposed to assimilationFaithfulness in the midst of empiresFaithfulness to the end
Threat to identityPersecutions and trialsDeliverance
Life under foreign dominationFall and succession of powersFulfillment surpassing the empires
Daniel begins his journeyAn entire life runs through the bookDaniel walks toward his end
Life threatened several timesTemporal deliverancesResurrection
Human uncertaintyProgressive revelationsFinal hope

The table does not presuppose a technical correspondence between each element.

It brings out the general direction of the book.

21. The overall movement of the book

Daniel’s trajectory can finally be represented as follows:

Jerusalem besieged

↓

exile

↓

faithfulness

↓

service in the midst of kingdoms

↓

trials and deliverances

↓

visions of the succession of empires

↓

judgment of the powers

↓

deliverance

↓

resurrection

↓

final inheritance

The book thus begins in a situation of loss and ends in a perspective of hope.

Conclusion of the appendix

Daniel 1 and Daniel 12 give the book two particularly significant ends.

Daniel 1 presents the young exile entering a world dominated by Babylon.

Daniel 12 presents the prophet who has reached the end of his journey and receives the promise of his inheritance.

Between the two, Daniel sees rulers rise and disappear, empires succeed one another, and prophecies progressively widen their horizon.

The progression is considerable:

from besieged Jerusalem to the resurrection;

from exile to inheritance;

from the young captive to the prophet at the end of his life;

from the apparent power of the empires to the affirmation of their temporary character.

The last word addressed to Daniel thus gives a personal conclusion to the whole book:

“And you, go your way to the end; you will rest, and you will stand in your allotted place at the end of the days” (Daniel 12.13).

The story that began with a deportation therefore ends neither in Babylon, nor in Persia, nor even in Daniel’s death.

It ends in the hope of standing again at the end of the days.