ANN096

The 360-day years in the Bible

The article discusses the idea of 360-day years in the Bible, connected with major prophecies such as those in Daniel and Revelation. These shorter years appear linked to periods of punishment or biblical prophecy, contrasting with the 365-day civil year. Although Scripture never mentions a 365-day year, the idea of 360-day years is examined in connection with themes of judgement in the Bible.

11 min 360-day years biblical prophecies punishments Daniel Revelation 12 verses 3 books

Further information

Introduction

In appendix ANN067: Anderson's and Denney's theories, we explored the possibility of 360-day years on the basis of various biblical passages. This study aims to detail the sections where 360-day years are evoked and attempt to explain the reasons for this notable difference.

I. The various biblical allusions

The idea of a 360-day year in the Bible is frequently linked to the interpretation of certain prophecies, notably those in Daniel and Revelation. Expressions such as ‘a time, times and half a time’, ‘1,260 days’ and ‘42 months’ are often interpreted as representing a period of 1,260 days, based on a Jewish year of 360 days multiplied by 3.5.

Moreover, the Flood account in Genesis seems to illustrate this 360-day year by recording an interval of 150 days as corresponding exactly to five months, that is, five months of 30 days.

Here, then, are the various biblical passages that evoke 360-day years:

Genesis 7.11 and Genesis 8.2-4: These verses recount the Flood in Noah's time. The interval of 150 days is said to correspond exactly to five months, suggesting months of 30 days.

Daniel 7.25, Daniel 9.27, Daniel 12.7: These verses use expressions such as ‘a time, times and half a time’, generally interpreted as representing a period of 1,260 days (based on a 360-day year multiplied by 3.5).

Revelation 11.2, Revelation 11.3, Revelation 11.9, Revelation 11.11, Revelation 12.6, Revelation 12.14, Revelation 13.5: These verses in Revelation also repeat the expressions ‘a time, times and half a time’, ‘1,260 days’ and ‘42 months’, which are interpreted in the same way.

We must therefore acknowledge that, in certain contexts, 360-day years become the temporal reference.

II. What is the reason behind these 360-day years?

Astronomically, no one disputes the length of a year, established at 365.2422 days. It is inconceivable to envisage an error caused by lack of knowledge in antiquity, since scholars of the time had already determined this length, although they had not attained such precision.

The ancient Greek astronomer Thales of Miletus (620–546 BC) seems to have been the first to establish a precise length for the year. However, Babylonian astronomers already knew this information as early as the eighth century BC.

We are therefore dealing deliberately with shorter years. Yet we observe a notable distinction: 360-day years concern years of punishment! The first cases cited occur with the Flood; then Daniel speaks of the final week, which will be a period of persecution, and John, in his Revelation, elaborates on Daniel's words.

The 365-day year is used naturally in everyday life. We would therefore have two different calendars: the more common one, with 365-day years as we know today, and a second with 360-day years and 30-day months for years of punishment.

This is simply an analysis of the various occurrences in the Bible. In this observation, the 365-day year is never mentioned. We know that the observed the heavenly bodies, particularly the moon, to compensate for the discrepancy in days between their lunar year and the solar year through the additional month, Adar II.

III. Why not use the 360-day year to interpret Daniel's prophecy?

The answer we propose follows directly from our observation: the entire 490-year period mentioned by Daniel does not seem to correspond to a period of punishment. Only the final week, which will reappear at the end of time, will represent a period of intense persecution for the Jewish people. Consequently, in our analysis, using 360-day years to calculate Daniel's period does not seem justified.

Conclusion

Observing the various occurrences concerning 360-day years, we understand that they are associated only with periods of punishment. Consequently, Jewish civil years, based on lunar months and adjusted by adding a thirteenth month (Adar II), are founded on a length of 365 days. According to our analysis, prophetic years of punishment would therefore simply be shorter.
There are therefore two different calendars: that of the Jewish people, based on 365 days, and God's, with its 360 days, used when he inflicts punishment.