ANX044

The fourth figure: angel, theophany or Christophany?

Daniel 3.24-25 présente l’apparition du quatrième personnage comme une observation de Nebucadnetsar. Le roi demande d’abord confirmation : « N’avons-nous pas jeté trois hommes ligotés…

27 min 29 verses 6 books

1. The starting point: four figures are actually seen

Daniel 3.24-25 presents the appearance of the fourth figure as an observation by Nebuchadnezzar.

The king first asks for confirmation:

"Did we not cast three men bound into the midst of the fire?" (Daniel 3.24).

His counselors confirm that there were indeed three.

Nebuchadnezzar then declares that he sees four men, loose from their bonds, walking in the midst of the fire without suffering any harm (Daniel 3.25).

Within the logic of the narrative, the fourth figure is therefore not simply a poetic way of expressing divine protection. Nebuchadnezzar claims to see an additional presence.

The symbolic or theological dimension of this presence does not exclude its reality within the narrative.

2. The Aramaic expression of Daniel 3.25

Nebuchadnezzar describes the fourth figure by the Aramaic expression bar-ʾĕlāhîn.

The first term, bar, means "son."

The second, ʾĕlāhîn, is a plural form designating "the gods" or divine beings depending on the context.

In the mouth of a polytheistic Babylonian king, the translation "a son of the gods" or "a being of divine appearance" therefore fits the context naturally.

Nebuchadnezzar is not here making a Christian confession ahead of its time. He describes what he sees by means of the religious categories familiar to him.

This observation is important for the interpretation of the expression.

3. Why do some translations give "the Son of God"?

Some traditional Christian translations have rendered Daniel 3.25 by a wording close to:

"the fourth is like the Son of God."

This translation has strongly shaped the Christian interpretation of the passage.

It is explained in particular by a theological reading of the text in the light of the revelation of the New Testament.

However, on the grammatical and historical level alone, it is difficult to assert that Nebuchadnezzar consciously identifies the fourth figure as "the Son of God" in the Christological sense.

It is therefore preferable to distinguish the translation of the Aramaic text from its Christian interpretation.

Translating "a son of the gods" in no way prevents us from asking afterward whether the being thus described might be identified with the Son of God.

4. Daniel 3.28: "He has sent his angel"

A few verses later, Nebuchadnezzar himself interprets the event:

“Blessed be the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego! He sent his angel and delivered his servants” (Daniel 3.28).

This declaration is the most explicit textual indication concerning the identity or, at the very least, the function of the fourth figure.

The Aramaic word malʾak means "messenger" and commonly designates an angel when a heavenly envoy is in view.

The immediate reading is therefore to understand that God sent an angel to protect the three men.

This interpretation is entirely sufficient to explain the narrative.

5. The parallel of Daniel 6

Daniel 6 provides a particularly important parallel.

After spending the night in the lions' den, Daniel declares:

"My God sent his angel and shut the lions' mouths" (Daniel 6.21 according to the numbering of many Bibles).

The structure is very close to Daniel 3.

In both episodes:

a servant of God is condemned to certain death;

the human sovereign can no longer prevent the execution of his own decision;

God intervenes;

an angel is sent;

the instrument of death loses its power;

the servant of God comes out unharmed.

This parallel naturally favors the angelic interpretation of the fourth figure.

6. The angel of the LORD in the Old Testament

The question cannot, however, be settled by the use of the word "angel" alone.

The Old Testament presents several episodes in which "the angel of the " has a particularly remarkable status.

In Genesis 16, the angel of the appears to Hagar (Genesis 16.7-12). After this encounter, Hagar speaks of the who spoke to her and is amazed to have seen the one who sees her (Genesis 16.13).

In Exodus 3.2, "the angel of the " appears to Moses in the flame of the bush. A few verses later, the text declares that God himself calls to him from the midst of the bush (Exodus 3.4-6).

In Judges 6, the angel of the appears to Gideon, but the narrative then moves to wordings in which the himself addresses him (Judges 6.11-23).

Judges 13 presents a comparable situation in the appearance to Manoah and his wife. After the angel of the departs, Manoah declares: "We shall surely die, for we have seen God" (Judges 13.22).

These passages explain why the expression "angel" does not necessarily resolve by itself every question about the identity of the heavenly being.

7. "Angel" designates first of all a function

The Hebrew term malʾāk and its Aramaic equivalent fundamentally mean "messenger."

The word therefore describes first of all a function: the one who is sent.

It can designate a human messenger or a heavenly messenger depending on the context.

Thus, to say that God "has sent his angel" indicates with certainty that the figure acts as his envoy. It does not necessarily provide an exhaustive definition of his nature.

This distinction explains why some Christian theologians have been able to identify certain manifestations of "the angel of the " with a manifestation of the Son before his incarnation.

8. What is a theophany?

The term "theophany" designates a perceptible manifestation of God.

The Old Testament reports several events of this kind.

God manifests himself to Moses in the burning bush (Exodus 3.1-6).

He manifests himself to Israel at Sinai in the midst of fire, smoke, and thunder (Exodus 19.16-20).

Isaiah describes a vision of the Lord in the Temple (Isaiah 6.1-5).

Ezekiel also reports a vision of the divine glory (Ezekiel 1).

To call the fourth figure of Daniel 3 a theophanic manifestation is therefore to emphasize that, through this heavenly being, God makes his presence visible in the midst of the furnace.

This characterization remains, however, more interpretive than the simple textual claim that God sent his angel.

9. What is a Christophany?

In Christian theology, a "Christophany" designates a manifestation of Christ, particularly when it is supposed to have taken place before his incarnation.

This interpretation rests on the conviction that the Son did not begin to exist at the birth of Jesus.

The New Testament affirms his preexistence. John declares that the Word was with God and was God before becoming flesh (John 1.1-3, 14). Jesus also speaks of the glory he possessed with the Father before the world existed (John 17.5).

On the basis of this Christology, some Christian interpreters consider it possible that the Son manifested himself on occasion before the incarnation.

The fourth figure of Daniel 3 has naturally been brought into this reflection.

10. The arguments in favor of a Christophany

Several elements can be invoked in favor of this interpretation.

The first is the extraordinary character of the fourth figure. Nebuchadnezzar does not describe him simply as an additional man, but as a being whose appearance belongs to the divine realm (Daniel 3.25).

The second is his role: he appears in the midst of the fire and protects God's servants in a supernatural way.

The third lies in the biblical precedents in which "the angel of the " seems closely associated with the very presence of God.

The fourth comes from the overall Christian reading of the Old Testament in the light of the New Testament, which recognizes the preexistence of the Son.

These arguments make the Christophanic interpretation possible.

They do not, however, constitute an explicit demonstration provided by Daniel 3.

11. The limits of the Christological identification

Several precautions must be kept in mind.

Daniel never calls the fourth figure "Messiah."

Nebuchadnezzar does not possess, within the narrative, the theological knowledge that would enable him to recognize Jesus Christ several centuries before the incarnation.

Daniel 3.28 uses the term "angel" without providing any other identification.

Finally, the parallel with Daniel 6 shows that the sending of an ordinary angel is already a perfectly coherent explanation within the theology of the book.

The Christophany must therefore be presented as a possible Christian interpretation, and not as the necessary translation of Daniel 3.25.

12. A distinction between certainty and interpretation

The different levels can be clearly distinguished.

What the text explicitly affirms:

Nebuchadnezzar sees a fourth figure in the furnace;

this figure has a supernatural appearance;

the three Judeans are protected from the fire;

Nebuchadnezzar then affirms that God sent his angel.

What can reasonably be deduced from it:

the fourth figure represents a real heavenly intervention sent by God to protect the three men.

What belongs to an additional theological interpretation:

the identification of this angel with the preincarnate Son, and thus with Christ.

This distinction makes it possible to uphold the possibility of the Christophany without turning a theological hypothesis into an explicit textual datum.

13. The Jewish tradition

The Jewish reading naturally does not recognize a manifestation of Christ in Daniel 3.

The fourth figure is understood as an angel sent by God.

This interpretation corresponds directly to Daniel 3.28 and fits into the angelology of the book of Daniel, in which angels play an important role.

Gabriel appears in Daniel 8.16 and 9.21.

Michael is presented as a "great prince" associated with the protection of Daniel's people (Daniel 10.13, 21; 12.1).

The intervention of a protecting heavenly being in Daniel 3 therefore agrees perfectly with the angelic theology developed in the rest of the book.

14. The early Christian tradition

Christian interpretation very early read the Old Testament in the light of the revelation of Christ and sought manifestations of his preexistence.

The scene of the furnace lent itself particularly to this reading because of the wording of Daniel 3.25 and the mysterious presence of the fourth figure.

The Christian tradition has thus often recognized in the one who accompanies the three young men a manifestation of the Logos or of the Son of God.

This reading has real coherence within Christian theology.

Its value must nevertheless be distinguished from the historical and grammatical question: what a Christian canonical reading can recognize in the passage goes beyond what Nebuchadnezzar himself could understand as he looked into the furnace.

15. The fourth figure in the Greek addition

The ancient Greek versions of Daniel contain, between Daniel 3.23 and 3.24, a long addition absent from the Masoretic Aramaic text.

This section develops in particular the prayer of Azariah and the song of the three young men.

It also contains a description of the divine intervention in the furnace, in which "the " comes down alongside the three men and drives back the flame.

This ancient textual tradition shows that the angelic interpretation of the protecting presence was already well established in the Greek transmission of the narrative.

It does not, however, settle the Christological question definitively for a later Christian reading, since the question remains how certain angelic manifestations of the Old Testament should be understood theologically.

16. The essential point: God is present with his servants

The exact identification of the fourth figure must ultimately not cause us to lose sight of its main function in the narrative.

The three men had declared:

"Our God whom we serve is able to deliver us" (Daniel 3.17).

When they enter the furnace, they are not abandoned.

Nebuchadnezzar sees a heavenly presence with them.

The narrative therefore does not present only a divine power acting at a distance. It gives us a presence in the very midst of the trial.

This dimension corresponds closely to Isaiah 43.2: "When you walk through the fire you shall not be burned, and the flame shall not hurt you."

The promise of presence becomes, in Daniel 3, a visible reality.

17. Conclusion

Daniel 3 allows us to affirm with confidence that the fourth figure belongs to the heavenly realm and that he acts as one sent by God.

Daniel 3.28 gives the most direct explanation: God “sent his angel” to deliver his servants.

The angelic interpretation is therefore the first level of reading of the text.

Understanding the figure as a theophany goes further by recognizing in this appearance a visible manifestation of the divine presence.

The christophanic interpretation takes one more step by identifying this messenger with the preincarnate Son. This reading has a long Christian tradition and can be defended theologically on the basis of the preexistence of Christ and of the Old Testament passages in which the angel of the is closely associated with God.

It must not, however, be presented as an identification explicitly stated by Daniel.

The most balanced conclusion is therefore the following: the narrative affirms the real presence of a heavenly being sent by God into the furnace; Daniel 3.28 calls him an angel. In a canonical Christian reading, the hypothesis of a manifestation of the preincarnate Son remains possible, but it is a theological interpretation of the text rather than an identification explicitly given by it.