ANX003

The Linguistic Structure: Hebrew, Aramaic, Hebrew

The book of Daniel has a remarkable feature: it is written mainly in two languages, Hebrew and Aramaic. The shift from one to the other does not correspond exactly to the division between historical narratives and prophetic visions. This distribution helps to highlight the great unity of Daniel 2 to 7, while raising the question of the literary function of each of the two languages.

13 min 8 verses 1 book

1. Two Main Languages

The book of Daniel uses mainly Hebrew and Aramaic.

Its general linguistic distribution is as follows:

Daniel 1.1-2.4a: Hebrew

Daniel 2.4b-7.28: Aramaic

Daniel 8.1-12.13: Hebrew

The change of language occurs in the middle of Daniel 2.4.

The account begins in Hebrew, then specifies:

“The Chaldeans answered the king in the Aramaic language” (Daniel 2.4).

From this reply onward, the text continues in Aramaic to the end of chapter 7.

Daniel 8 then returns to Hebrew, the language kept to the end of the book.

2. A Structure That Does Not Match the Narrative/Vision Division

If the change of language simply corresponded to the change of literary genre, one might expect:

Daniel 1-6: one language;

Daniel 7-12: another language.

This is not what the text presents.

Daniel 7 is a prophetic vision, but it remains in Aramaic.

Daniel 8 is also a prophetic vision, but it returns to Hebrew.

The linguistic boundary is therefore between Daniel 7 and Daniel 8, and not between Daniel 6 and Daniel 7.

This observation is important.

It shows that Daniel 7 belongs simultaneously to two groups:

by its genre, it opens the great series of visions received directly by Daniel;

by its language and structure, it closes the Aramaic unit begun in Daniel 2.

3. Daniel 1: An Opening in Hebrew

Daniel 1 presents the entry of Daniel and his companions into the Babylonian world.

The chapter establishes the historical and theological context of the whole book: the domination of Jerusalem, the deportation to Babylon, the training of the young Judeans, and the first test of faithfulness.

This opening is written in Hebrew.

The beginning of Daniel 2 also remains in Hebrew until the moment when the Chaldeans speak before Nebuchadnezzar.

The shift to Aramaic therefore does not coincide with a chapter change.

It occurs within the account itself.

4. The Aramaic of Daniel 2.4b to Daniel 7.28

Aramaic occupies the center of the book.

This section contains:

Daniel 2 - the dream of the statue;

Daniel 3 - the golden statue and the furnace;

Daniel 4 - the humbling of Nebuchadnezzar;

Daniel 5 - the judgment of Belshazzar;

Daniel 6 - Daniel in the lions’ den;

Daniel 7 - the vision of the four beasts.

This group therefore brings together both narratives and visions.

It cannot be defined simply as a historical section or a prophetic section.

5. A Linguistic Unity Reinforced by a Literary Unity

The importance of the Aramaic section appears more clearly when its language is compared with its structure.

The six chapters can be organized as follows:

A - Daniel 2: succession of kingdoms and Kingdom of God

B - Daniel 3: faithful ones threatened then delivered

C - Daniel 4: proud ruler humbled then restored

C' - Daniel 5: proud ruler judged and overthrown

B' - Daniel 6: faithful one threatened then delivered

A' - Daniel 7: succession of kingdoms and eternal dominion

The correspondence between the linguistic unity and the thematic parallels gives Daniel 2-7 a particular importance in the overall architecture of the book.

Aramaic is therefore not merely a linguistic curiosity.

It helps to delimit a genuine literary unit.

6. Daniel 2 and Daniel 7: The Two Ends of the Whole

The two ends of the Aramaic section deal with the same great subject.

Daniel 2 presents several kingdoms in the form of a statue.

Daniel 7 presents several kingdoms in the form of four beasts.

Daniel 2 ends with the establishment of a kingdom that will never be destroyed:

“The God of heaven will set up a kingdom that shall never be destroyed” (Daniel 2.44).

Daniel 7 also leads to an everlasting dominion:

“His dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom shall never be destroyed” (Daniel 7.14).

The Aramaic section is therefore framed by two revelations concerning the succession and the end of human kingdoms.

7. Why Aramaic?

The reason for the change of language remains debated.

Aramaic was widely used in the ancient Near East and became an important language of international and administrative communication.

It is therefore tempting to consider that the Aramaic section has a scope particularly oriented toward the nations and kingdoms.

This explanation has a certain coherence: Daniel 2-7 does indeed give considerable place to foreign rulers, empires, and God’s sovereignty over the nations.

However, caution is called for.

The book itself provides no statement explaining why one part is written in Hebrew and another in Aramaic.

The exact function of bilingualism must therefore be distinguished from its existence, which is directly observable.

8. What Can Be Stated with Certainty

Several elements can be established directly.

First, the book uses mainly two languages.

Second, the Aramaic section extends from Daniel 2.4b to Daniel 7.28.

Third, this section contains both narratives and prophecies.

Fourth, Daniel 2 and Daniel 7 show strong thematic correspondences.

Fifth, Daniel 8 marks both the return to Hebrew and the opening of a new phase of the visions.

These data belong to the observation of the text.

9. What Belongs to Interpretation

The precise reason why these languages were distributed in this way is harder to establish.

Several explanations may be proposed:

Aramaic could correspond to a section whose scope particularly concerns the nations;

bilingualism could reflect different literary or transmission contexts;

the choice of languages could also be part of a more complex literary organization of the whole.

These possibilities do not all have the same degree of certainty.

An academic presentation must therefore avoid turning a hypothesis about the function of the languages into an explicit statement of the text.

10. The Return to Hebrew in Daniel 8

Daniel 8 marks a clear transition.

The language changes, but the prophetic continuity remains.

Daniel 7 had presented four kingdoms in symbolic form.

Daniel 8 takes up the question of political powers again, providing much more precise identifications:

“The ram which thou sawest having two horns are the kings of Media and Persia. And the rough goat is the king of Grecia” (Daniel 8.20-21).

The return to Hebrew therefore does not constitute a break with the preceding themes.

It rather accompanies a new stage in their development.

11. Daniel 8 to 12: Jerusalem, the People, and the Fulfillment

The last Hebrew section develops themes that particularly concern Daniel, his people, Jerusalem, the sanctuary, and the fulfillment of the prophecies.

Daniel 8 gives an important place to the sanctuary.

Daniel 9 places Jerusalem and Daniel’s people at the center of the prayer and of the revelation of the seventy weeks.

Daniel 10-12 develops the last great revelation and leads to deliverance and resurrection.

There is therefore a difference of emphasis between the Aramaic section and this last Hebrew section.

The first gives a particularly visible place to kingdoms and rulers.

The second concentrates more on the events concerning Daniel’s people and their place within the prophetic unfolding.

This observation is pertinent, but it must not be turned into an absolute separation: the nations are also present in Daniel 8-12, while God’s people already appear in the Aramaic section.

12. Bilingualism and the Unity of the Book

The presence of two languages might, at first sight, give the impression of a fragmented work.

The study of the structure nevertheless leads to a different observation.

The themes cross the linguistic boundaries.

The succession of kingdoms appears in Daniel 2, Daniel 7, and Daniel 8.

Divine sovereignty runs through the whole.

The persecution of the faithful appears in the narratives as well as in the visions.

The prospect of the final reign develops progressively up to the last chapters.

The change of language therefore does not destroy the thematic unity of the book.

It is part of a composition in which several groups remain deeply connected.

13. A Structure in Three Major Zones

From the linguistic point of view, the book can finally be represented as follows:

SectionLanguageGeneral function
Daniel 1.1-2.4aHebrewIntroduction and beginning of the account
Daniel 2.4b-7.28AramaicKingdoms, rulers, faithfulness, and divine sovereignty
Daniel 8.1-12.13HebrewVisions concerning the powers, Jerusalem, the people, and the fulfillment

This representation does not replace the other divisions of the book.

It complements them.

Daniel thus has several superimposed structures:

narratives / visions;

Hebrew / Aramaic / Hebrew;

Daniel 2-7 in concentric structure;

Daniel 10-12 as a continuous revelation.

The richness of the composition comes precisely from the combination of these different levels.

Conclusion of the appendix

Bilingualism is one of the most important elements of the structure of Daniel.

The distribution:

Hebrew → Aramaic → Hebrew

shows that the book cannot be divided solely into a first historical half and a second prophetic half.

Daniel 7 demonstrates this particularly well: it belongs to the prophetic visions, but remains in the Aramaic section and closes the unit begun in Daniel 2.

The most solid datum is therefore not a hypothesis about the exact reason for the choice of languages, but the observation of their function in the present composition of the book.

The change of language helps to delimit groups.

The literary correspondences link these groups.

The common themes give them their unity.

Thus, the linguistic diversity of Daniel does not prevent its unity; on the contrary, it is one of the elements that help us understand its architecture.