ANN022

The choosing of the apostles

The article explores Jesus' choice of the twelve apostles, stressing the symbolic importance of the number twelve. It details the careful selection of the apostles and the impact of their role in the Gospels. The variations of name among the apostles are also addressed.

8 min Apostles Disciples Jesus Gospels 1 verse 1 book

Further information

Introduction

A distinction must be made between the disciples and the Apostles.

Read the appendix ANN021: The calling of the disciples

We believe it is important to pay attention to this aspect when examining the composition of the Gospels. The study of how this group of friends was formed, becoming disciples and then, for some of them, Apostles, is fundamental.

Read the chapter: The Gospels

Jesus the Messiah wanted to form a small group of faithful followers, who would be called the Apostles. He therefore made a selection from among a larger number of disciples, and chose twelve.

I. The choice of the Twelve by the Messiah Jesus

Luke 6.12-13 (King James Version)

And it came to pass in those days, that he went out into a mountain to pray, and continued all night in prayer to God.

And when it was day, he called unto him his disciples: and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles;

John 15.16 (King James Version)

Ye have not chosen me, but I have chosen you, and ordained you, that ye should go and bring forth fruit, and that your fruit should remain: that whatsoever ye shall ask of the Father in my name, he may give it you.

According to Luke, it was after a night of solitary prayer on a mountain in the region of Capernaum that the Messiah Jesus chose twelve individuals from a wide range of disciples.

It is therefore clear that the Messiah Jesus himself selected the Apostles. The number twelve is no accident: it corresponds to the number of the tribes of Israel. The criteria of this choice remain unknown. Among the chosen are the faithful of the first hour, those who gave up their jobs, their homes, their former lives to follow this Unknown One whom John the Baptist had pointed out as "the Lamb of God".

The choice of the number twelve is certainly not by chance. Indeed, the whole of Jewish society was founded on the sons of Jacob, or rather of Israel. They are the firstfruits of the twelve tribes. Each individual was able to identify the patriarch from whom he descended! The twelve tribes existed apart from the Levites, who were the servants at the Tabernacle.

The new society that the Messiah Jesus proposes will rest on the teaching of the twelve, to whom the Messiah Jesus himself must be added. The revolution is under way, and at this stage no one can foresee how far it will go.

We now know that neither the death of the Master nor the martyrdom of many disciples would be able to extinguish the flame that was kindled on the banks of the Jordan in AD 29.

II. The four lists of the Apostles

Matthew, Mark and Luke present us with their lists, and Luke adds another when Judas Iscariot is replaced.

Matthew 10.2-4 (King James Version)

Now the names of the twelve apostles are these; The first, Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother; James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother;

Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alphaeus, and Lebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddaeus;

Simon the Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him.

Mark 3.13-19 (King James Version)

And he goeth up into a mountain, and calleth unto him whom he would: and they came unto him.

And he ordained twelve, that they should be with him, and that he might send them forth to preach,

And to have power to heal sicknesses, and to cast out devils:

And Simon he surnamed Peter;

And James the son of Zebedee, and John the brother of James; and he surnamed them Boanerges, which is, The sons of thunder:

And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus, and Simon the Canaanite,

And Judas Iscariot, which also betrayed him: and they went into an house.

Luke 6.12-16 (King James Version)

And it came to pass in those days, that he went out into a mountain to pray, and continued all night in prayer to God.

And when it was day, he called unto him his disciples: and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles;

Simon, (whom he also named Peter,) and Andrew his brother, James and John, Philip and Bartholomew,

Matthew and Thomas, James the son of Alphæus, and Simon called Zelotes,

And Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor.

Acts 1.13–14 (S21)

Acts 1.13-14 (King James Version)

And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James.

These all continued with one accord in prayer and supplication, with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brethren.

Acts 1.26 (King James Version)

And they gave forth their lots; and the lot fell upon Matthias; and he was numbered with the eleven apostles.

The Gospels give different names for some of the apostles. This is explained by the fact that the apostles often had both a name and a nickname.

Simon was also called Peter, and Jesus the Messiah renamed him Cephas (which means rock). Jude the son of James also had the name Thaddaeus.

There was another Simon who was called the zealous or the Zealot. There were also two Jameses, the son of Zebedee and the son of Alphaeus.

What was no problem for the apostles, who knew each other well, is a little more confusing for us today. At that time, it was usual to have a Hebrew name and a Greek name.

The expression "son of" was common; it served to distinguish people, since names were often repeated.

MatthewMarkLuke 1Luke 2
Simon PeterSimon PeterSimon PeterPeter
Andrew brother of PeterJames son of ZebedeeAndrew brother of PeterJohn
James son of ZebedeeJohn brother of JamesJamesJames
John brother of JamesAndrewJohnAndrew
PhilipPhilipPhilipPhilip
BartholomewBartholomewBartholomewThomas
ThomasMatthewMatthewBartholomew
MatthewThomasThomasMatthew
James son of AlphaeusJames son of AlphaeusJames son of AlphaeusJames son of Alphaeus
Lebbaeus surnamed ThaddaeusThaddaeusSimon the ZealotSimon the Zealot
Simon the CananaeanSimon the CananaeanJude son of JamesJude son of James
Judas IscariotJudas IscariotJudas Iscariot

Let us first examine those who are named every time in the : Peter (also known as Simon or Cephas); Andrew (Peter's brother); James and John (the sons of Zebedee, nicknamed Boanerges); Philip; Matthew (the tax collector); Thomas; Bartholomew; James (son of Alphaeus); Simon (the Cananaean or the Zealot); and Judas Iscariot, except in the last list, where he is dead. Consequently, eleven disciples appear in all four lists, apart from Judas Iscariot.

There remain, then, Lebbaeus, surnamed Thaddaeus, whom we find in Matthew and Mark, and Jude, son of James, mentioned in the two lists of Luke. We can therefore conclude that this Lebbaeus, surnamed Thaddaeus, also bears the name of Jude and that he is the son of James, an unknown figure.

There is thus great consistency among these four lists. We also know that the Apostles chose Matthias to replace Judas Iscariot.

III. The title of Apostle

Read the appendix ANN021: The calling of the Disciples.

We must clearly distinguish between disciple and Apostle. A great number of disciples gravitated around the Messiah Jesus.

Luke 10.1 (King James Version)

After these things the Lord appointed other seventy also, and sent them two and two before his face into every city and place, whither he himself would come.

In Luke's text, we observe that the Lord repeatedly designated a large number of disciples who followed him. The term "disciple", derived from the Latin "discipulus", refers to a pupil or a student. It is in fact the designation given to all those, men and women, who received the teaching of the Messiah Jesus and who follow him.

At one point, he chose seventy of them whom he sent out two by two into the villages to prepare for his coming. All Christians enjoy this appellation: disciple of Christ.

The term "Apostle" is different. They are few in number, and their function is to announce, to preach the Gospel. This word, which appears eighty times in the New Testament, comes from the Greek word "apostello", which means to send.

The Messiah Jesus chose twelve disciples from among them, sometimes simply called "the twelve". Another will also receive this title, Saul of Tarsus, who will become the Apostle Paul.

The twelve form a special group, because they share the daily life of the Master. They receive specific teaching and will be direct witnesses of the ministry of the Messiah Jesus.

This training will prove important when their testimony is handed on. The people respect them and even do not dare to mix with them, as the book of Acts 5.13 mentions.

There are therefore twelve of them.

Read the appendix ANN047: The origin of the Apostles.

Read the appendix ANN066: The life of the Apostles.

Conclusion

We have previously examined how the Messiah Jesus selected individuals who would receive an exceptional training, in that they would share his daily life.

They will have the opportunity to listen to him and to observe him, in his public life as well as his private life. They will discover their Master, who will hide nothing from them!

Henceforth called Apostles, they will become the spokesmen of their Master after his death. If any men know the Messiah Jesus well, it is surely they. If any men are able to relate his life, it is undoubtedly they, and the world of that time understood this well, for the twelve will hold a privileged position within the early Church.

If any testimony is admissible and acceptable, it is theirs now.

Many men, women and even children will receive their message and will pay with their lives for the choice of this new Master, the Messiah Jesus.